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Chem Module 4 > Basic concepts and hydrocarbons 4.1 > Flashcards

Basic concepts and hydrocarbons 4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Chemistry derived from living systems

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Families of compounds that share similar chemical structures and properities

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4
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

In which the carbon atoms are joined together in either straight chains or branched chains

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5
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?

A

In which the carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure but are not aromatic

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6
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

In which there is at least one benzene ring in the structure

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7
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The naming system for compounds

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8
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

A

-ol

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9
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

A

-al

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10
Q

What is the suffix for alkenes?

A

-ene

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11
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

A

-ane

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12
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

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13
Q

What is the prefix for haloalkanes?

A

Fluoro-
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

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14
Q

What is the suffix for ketones?

A

-one

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15
Q

What does it mean when a molecule is unsaturated?

A

They only have single bonds

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16
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

What is the formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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18
Q

What is the formula for alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

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19
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristics and chemical reactions of a compound

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20
Q

What is the display formula?

A

It shows the relative position of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

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21
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

It gives the minimum detail or the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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22
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

It shows the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in a compound

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23
Q

What is the general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series

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24
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

It shows the numbers and types of atoms in a compound

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25
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

The briefest way of representing organic molecules

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26
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

It is a branch of an alkane attached to a long hydrocarbon chain

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27
Q

What are the steps for naming molecules?

A
  • count the longest HC chain
  • the functional group has to be on the lowest carbon possible
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28
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms

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29
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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30
Q

What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?

A

Aldehyde functional group is on the end of the chain and ketone is in the middle

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31
Q

In the alkane structure what shape does every carbon have?

A

Tetrahedral shape with a bond angle of 109.5 degrees

32
Q

Are alkane molecules polar or non polar?

A

They are non polar due to the small difference in electronegativity

33
Q

What kind of bonds do alkanes contain?

A

Sigma bonds due to the direct overlap of the electron clouds of each atom

34
Q

Does the structure of alkanes change the boiling point?

A

The more branched a compound is the fewer surface area interactions there are between molecules so there are fewer induced dipole dipole attractions leading to a lower boiling point

35
Q

What are the three types of reactions?

A
  • addition
  • substitution
  • elimination
36
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

When a molecule is added to an alkene

37
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

When an atom is replaced by adding a group of atoms

38
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

When a small molecule is removed to produce an alkene

39
Q

What kinds of splitting are there when breaking covalent bonds?

A

Equal and unequal

40
Q

What does equal splitting produce?

A
  • produces positive and negative ions
  • heterolytic fission
41
Q

What does unequal splitting produce?

A
  • produces radicals
  • homolytic fission
42
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A
  • an electron pair donors
  • proton acceptor
  • can have a negative charge
  • attacks electron deficient areas
43
Q

What is an electrophile?

A
  • an electron pair acceptor
  • proton donator
  • has a positive charge (can be delta +)
  • attacks electron rich areas
44
Q

What is a free radical?

A
  • an atom with one unpaired electron
  • it wants to pair the electron up
  • attacks everything and is very reactive
45
Q

What bonds are most likely to get attacked?

A
  • single bonds are not very likely
  • double bonds are likely
  • polar molecules are likely
46
Q

What does an arrow with two heads show?

A

It shows that 2 electrons are moving

47
Q

What does an arrow with one head show?

A

It shows one electron is moving

48
Q

What are the rules for curly arrows?

A

They have to start in the middle of a lone pair

49
Q

What are the three stages of free radical substitution?

A

Initiation, propagation, termination

50
Q

What conditions are needed for initiation?

A

UV light

51
Q

What is initiation?

A

Where the radical is created by breaking the weakest bond

52
Q

What is propagation?

A

Where the radical used is then regenerated and it always consists of two steps

53
Q

What is termination?

A

Where the radicals are removed and multiple reactions can happen

54
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon chain which is unsaturated so containing at least one double carbon to carbon bond

55
Q

What kind of bonds are the ones between C and H in alkenes?

A

Sigma bonds

56
Q

Describe the double carbon to carbon bond in an alkene

A
  • contains two sections involving the overlap of e- clouds
  • a sigma bond forms using the direct overlap of the e- clouds
  • The pi bonds form by the e- in the adjacent P orbitals overlapping above and below the C atoms
57
Q

What does the Pi bond do?

A

It holds the atoms in position by restricting rotatiom

58
Q

Is the Pi bond reactive?

A

Yes as it has a high electron density

59
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Compounds that have the same structural formula but different arrangements of atons in space

60
Q

What is a cis-trans isomer?

A

A type of E/Z isomerism in which two substituent groups attached to each atom in the carbon carbon double bond are the same
- each carbon either side of the double bond must be bonded to hydrogen

61
Q

What is a cis isomer?

A

The H on each side of the carbon carbon double bond is on the same side

62
Q

What is a trans isomer?

A

The H on each side of the carbon carbon double bond is on different sides

63
Q

What does a higher atomic number mean with isomers?

A

It takes higher priority

64
Q

What is an E isomer?

A

If the two attached atoms with the highest atomic numbers are on the diagonally opposite sides of the double bonds

65
Q

What is a Z isomer?

A

If the two attached atoms with the highest atomic numbers are on the same side of the double bonds

66
Q

What is hydrogenation of an alkene?

A
  • adding H to the carbon carbon double bond
  • using a nickle catalyst at 150 degrees celcius
67
Q

What is hydration of alkenes?

A
  • adding water to alkenes to make alcohols
  • using phosphoric acid catalyst at 300 degrees celcius and 65 atm
68
Q

What happens in electrophilic addition?

A
  • positive charge on the electrophile is attracted to the electron density in the double bond
69
Q

What is addition reaction?

A

A type of reaction where two molecules combine to form a large molecule (at least one molecule must be unsaturated)

70
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

A type of polymerisation in which unsaturated monomers undergo addition reactions with themselves to form polymers

71
Q

What is a primary carbocation?

A

It is a carbocation with one R group

72
Q

What is secondary carbocation?

A

It is a carbocation with two R groups

73
Q

What is a tertiary carbocation?

A

It is a carbocation with three R groups

74
Q

What is the major product?

A

The carbocation with the most R groups surrounding it

75
Q

What is something you need to make sure when drawing molecules?

A

Connectivity

76
Q

What are the steps in electrophilic addition?

A
  • in the small molecules the electrons move from the bond to one of the elements
  • in the large molecule the electrons from the double bond jump to the positive end of the dipole forming a carbocation
  • the electrons jumpe from the lone pair to the positive carbocation
77
Q

What are the steps in nucleophilic substitution?

A
  • in the carge molecule the electrons jump from the positive C to the negative element forming a carbo cation
  • the electrons then jump from the lone pair to the positive carbocation
  • this forms two new molecules

Chem Module 4 (2 decks)

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