Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons Flashcards by Praise Odunmbaku

Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The naming system for compounds

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Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH₂

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Q

What is a functional group?

A

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Q

Features of a homologous series - Aliphatic, Alicyclic and Aromatic:

A

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Q

Alkanes:

A

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Q

Isomers of C₄H₁₀

A

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Q

Alkenes:

A

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Q

Isomers of C₄H₈

A

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Q

What are saturated compounds?

A

Saturated compounds have only single bonds

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Q

What is the general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series

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Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

A displayed formula shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them

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Q

What is a structural formula?

A

A structural formula provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Organic compounds that contain at least one carbon=carbon (double) covalent bond

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Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

A simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains

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Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms

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Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

A molecular formula shows the numbers and type of the atoms of each element in a compound

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Q

Structural isomers:

A

Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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Q

Stereoisomers:

A

Stereoisomers are compounds with the same molecular and structural formulae, but a different arrangement of atoms in space

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Q

Naming E or Z isomers:

A

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Q

Naming cis/trans isomers:

A

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Q

Alcohols:

A

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Q

Isomers of C₄H₁₀O:

A

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Q

Carbonyl compounds - Aldehydes and Ketones:

A

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Q

Isomers of C₄H₈O:

A

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Isomers of C₅H₁₀O:

Carboxylic Acids and Esters:

Isomers of C₄H₈O₂:

Haloalkanes:

General formulae of alkanes, alkenes and alcohols:

Shapes of molecules in an organic context:

What are alkanes?

Alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons

Bonding of alkanes:

Shape of alkanes:

Alkanes’ feature of a homologous series:

Melting and boiling points of alkanes:

The effects of chain length and branching on the melting and boiling points of alkanes:

Reactions of alkanes:

Combustion and incomplete combustion:

- Complete combustion is oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air - Incomplete combustion is oxidising a fuel in a limited supply of air

Combustion of alkanes:

Halogenation of alkanes:

Reaction of methane and chorine:

Mechanism - (free) radical substitution: CH₄ + Cl₂

Limitations of radical substitution:

What is a radical?

What is homolytic fission?

Substitution reactions:

Sigma (σ) bonds:

Pi (π) bonds:

Functional group of alkenes:

C=C

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon (like alkenes) ?

Cycloalkenes:

Reactivity of alkenes:

Reaction of alkenes with bromine (halogenation):

Reactions of alkenes with hydrogen (hydrogenation):

Reactions of alkenes with hydrogen halides:

Markovnikoff’s rule (e.g. propene + HBr):

Reactions of alkenes with steam (hydration):

Mechanism of alkenes and halogens:

What is an electrophile?

What is an addition reaction?

What is a carbocation?

What is heterolytic fission?

Mechanism of alkenes and hydrogen halides (propene and HBr):

What is a monomer?

A monomer is a small molecule that combines with many others to form a long chain polymer

What is a polymer?

A polymer is a long chain molecule made from many monomers

What is addition polymerisation?

Addition polymerisation is when the monomers are alkene molecules, and so the π-bonds open up, and many of them add together to form a long chain

Polymers:

Equations of polymers:

Problems of polymer waste:

Sustainable ways to process waste polymers include:

How are toxic waste products (HCl) removed?

Alternatives to polymers - and advantages of these alternatives: