Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons

Question 1

What is nomenclature?

Answer 1

The naming system for compounds

Question 2

What is a homologous series?

Answer 2

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH₂

Question 3

What is a functional group?

Answer 3

Question 4

Features of a homologous series - Aliphatic, Alicyclic and Aromatic:

Answer 4

Question 5

Alkanes:

Answer 5

Question 6

Isomers of C₄H₁₀

Answer 6

Question 7

Alkenes:

Answer 7

Question 8

Isomers of C₄H₈

Answer 8

Question 9

What are saturated compounds?

Answer 9

Saturated compounds have only single bonds

Question 10

What is the general formula?

Answer 10

The simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series

Question 11

What is a displayed formula?

Answer 11

A displayed formula shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them

Question 12

What is a structural formula?

Answer 12

A structural formula provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 13

What are unsaturated compounds?

Answer 13

Organic compounds that contain at least one carbon=carbon (double) covalent bond

Question 14

What is a skeletal formula?

Answer 14

A simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains

Question 15

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 15

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms

Question 16

What is a molecular formula?

Answer 16

A molecular formula shows the numbers and type of the atoms of each element in a compound

Question 17

Structural isomers:

Answer 17

Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 18

Stereoisomers:

Answer 18

Stereoisomers are compounds with the same molecular and structural formulae, but a different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 19

Naming E or Z isomers:

Answer 19

Question 20

Naming cis/trans isomers:

Answer 20

Question 21

Alcohols:

Answer 21

Question 22

Isomers of C₄H₁₀O:

Answer 22

Question 23

Carbonyl compounds - Aldehydes and Ketones:

Answer 23

Question 24

Isomers of C₄H₈O:

Answer 24

Question 25

Isomers of C₅H₁₀O:

Answer 25

Question 26

Carboxylic Acids and Esters:

Answer 26

Question 27

Isomers of C₄H₈O₂:

Answer 27

Question 28

Haloalkanes:

Answer 28

Question 29

General formulae of alkanes, alkenes and alcohols:

Answer 29

Question 30

Shapes of molecules in an organic context:

Answer 30

Question 31

What are alkanes?

Answer 31

Alkanes are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons

Question 32

Bonding of alkanes:

Answer 32

Question 33

Shape of alkanes:

Answer 33

Question 34

Alkanes’ feature of a homologous series:

Answer 34

Question 35

Melting and boiling points of alkanes:

Answer 35

Question 36

The effects of chain length and branching on the melting and boiling points of alkanes:

Answer 36

Question 37

Reactions of alkanes:

Answer 37

Question 38

Combustion and incomplete combustion:

Answer 38

• Complete combustion is oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air
• Incomplete combustion is oxidising a fuel in a limited supply of air

Question 39

Combustion of alkanes:

Answer 39

Question 40

Halogenation of alkanes:

Answer 40

Question 41

Reaction of methane and chorine:

Answer 41

Question 42

Mechanism - (free) radical substitution: CH₄ + Cl₂

Answer 42

Question 43

Limitations of radical substitution:

Answer 43

Question 44

What is a radical?

Answer 44

Question 45

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 45

Question 46

Substitution reactions:

Answer 46

Question 47

Sigma (σ) bonds:

Answer 47

Question 48

Pi (π) bonds:

Answer 48

Question 49

Functional group of alkenes:

Answer 49

C=C

Question 50

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon (like alkenes) ?

Answer 50

Question 51

Cycloalkenes:

Answer 51

Question 52

Reactivity of alkenes:

Answer 52

Question 53

Reaction of alkenes with bromine (halogenation):

Answer 53

Question 54

Reactions of alkenes with hydrogen (hydrogenation):

Answer 54

Question 55

Reactions of alkenes with hydrogen halides:

Answer 55

Question 56

Markovnikoff’s rule (e.g. propene + HBr):

Answer 56

Question 57

Reactions of alkenes with steam (hydration):

Answer 57

Question 58

Mechanism of alkenes and halogens:

Answer 58

Electrophilic Addition

Question 59

What is an electrophile?

Answer 59

(the mechanism of ethene and bromine)

Question 60

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 60

Question 61

What is a carbocation?

Answer 61

Question 62

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 62

Question 63

Mechanism of alkenes and hydrogen halides (propene and HBr):

Answer 63

Electrophilic Addition

Question 64

What is a monomer?

Answer 64

A monomer is a small molecule that combines with many others to form a long chain polymer

Question 65

What is a polymer?

Answer 65

A polymer is a long chain molecule made from many monomers

Question 66

What is addition polymerisation?

Answer 66

Addition polymerisation is when the monomers are alkene molecules, and so the π-bonds open up, and many of them add together to form a long chain

Question 67

Polymers:

Answer 67

Question 68

Equations of polymers:

Answer 68

Question 69

Problems of polymer waste:

Answer 69

Question 70

Sustainable ways to process waste polymers include:

Answer 70

Question 71

How are toxic waste products (HCl) removed?

Answer 71

Question 72

Alternatives to polymers - and advantages of these alternatives:

Answer 72