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AS Chemistry > Alcohols, Haloalkanes and Analysis > Flashcards

Alcohols, Haloalkanes and Analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of molecules are alcohols?

A

Saturated (functional group -OH)

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2
Q

Shape of alcohols:

A
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3
Q

Bonding of alcohols:

A
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4
Q

Melting and boiling points of alcohols:

A
(volatility relates to the ability of a substance to easily evaporate at R.T.P)
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5
Q

Solubility of alcohols:

A
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6
Q

Primary alcohols:

A
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7
Q

Secondary alcohols:

A
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8
Q

Tertiary alcohols:

A
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9
Q

Combustion of alcohols:

A
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10
Q

Oxidation of (primary) alcohols:

A
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11
Q

Conditions of the oxidation of primary alcohols:

A
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12
Q

Oxidation of (secondary) alcohols:

A
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13
Q

Oxidation of (tertiary) alcohols:

A
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14
Q

Dehydration of alcohols (butan-2-ol):

A
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15
Q

Halide substitution (with alcohols):

A
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16
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A
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17
Q

Isomers of C4H9Cl:

A
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18
Q

Reactivity of haloalkanes:

A
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19
Q

Nucleophilic substitution - hydrolysis of haloalkanes:

A
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20
Q

Mechanism of the hydrolysis of haloalkanes (bromomethane and OH-):

A
Nucleophilic Substitution
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21
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A
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22
Q

Investigating the rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes:

A
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23
Q

Rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes:

A
24
Q

Properties of CFCs:

A
25
Q

Uses of CFCs:

A
26
Q

Problems with CFCs:

A
27
Q

Formula of ozone (O3):

A
28
Q

What is the ozone layer?

A

The ozone layer is an area of a high concentration of ozone in the stratosphere

29
Q

Mechanism - Decomposition of Ozone

A
30
Q

How can we overcome the CFC problem?

A
31
Q

Even if we stop using CFCs completely, the problem of the depleting ozone layer still continues, this is because:

A
32
Q

What is distillation:

A

Distillation is a technique used to separate miscible liquids or solutions

33
Q

What is reflux?

A

Reflux is a technique used to stop reaction mixtures boiling away into the air

34
Q

Distillation equipment:

A
  • A round-bottomed flask (for the mixture)
  • A heating mantle
  • A thermometer holder
  • A thermometer
  • A condenser
  • A connector
  • A collecting flask
  • Clamps
  • Bosses
  • Clamp stands
35
Q

Distillation:

A
  • Connect the condenser to the water supply by carefully attaching the bottom condenser hose to a water tap; put the top rubber hose into the sink and turn on the water tap to give a gentle flow
  • Pour the organic mixture into the round-bottomed flask with a few anti-bumping granules to ensure smooth boiling
  • To complete the distillation, heat the mixture using a heating mantle (or a Bunsen burner with a tripod and gauze). For more gentle heating, a water bath can be used on top of the tripod and gauze
36
Q

Reflux equipment:

A
  • A pear-shaped flask
  • A heating mantle
  • A condenser
37
Q

Preparing and purifying an organic liquid - Using a separating funnel:

A

Many organic liquids have an oily consistency and are immiscible in water. The organic layer will float on the water. This allows the product to be removed as an organic layer, which is less dense than the aqueous layer

One method of separating immiscible liquids is to use a separating funnel

  1. Mount an iron ring on a clamp stand and put the separating funnel in it
  2. Remove the stopper and make sure that the tap at the bottom is closed
  3. Carefully pour the mixture into the funnel so that the funnel is no more than half full. Wash out the reaction vessel with water and add this to the mixture in the funnel - there should still be some air in the funnel. Put the stopper back
  4. Take the funnel out of the ring and invert it. Open the tap to equalise the pressure. Turn the tap back to closed. Gently shake the mixture in the funnel and equalise the pressure as required. Repeat until you no longer hear a ‘whistle’
  5. Replace the funnel in the iron ring and give the mixture time to separate into layers
  6. Remove the stopper, put a beaker under the spout and open the tap. Collect the lower (water) layer in a beaker. Turn the tap off. As the organic product is in the upper layer, this aqueous layer can be discarded
  7. Using a clean, dry beaker open the tap and collect the desired organic product
  8. Shake the liquid with a small amount of drying agent and pour the final dry product into a clean, dry container
38
Q

Preparing and purifying an organic liquid - a using drying agents:

A

Inorganic salts such as magnesium sulfate (MSO4) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) absorb water slowly to become hydrated. The anhydrous salts can be used to dry other chemicals

  • Add a few spatulas of the drying agent to the organic product
  • If the drying agent clumps together, add some more
  • When the drying agent remains free-moving the organic product is dry
  • Use gravity filtration and collect the filtrate, which is the dry organic product
39
Q

Preparing and purifying an organic liquid - Redistillation:

A

Redistillation is the purification of a liquid by performing multiple distillations. For instance, when ethanol is made by fermentation, distillation is used to remove the ethanol from the mixture of water, yeast and any remaining sugar. This distillate is usually distilled again to purify the ethanol further

40
Q

Laboratory tests for functional groups:

A
41
Q

Functional groups of aspirin:

A
42
Q

Functional groups of niacin:

A
43
Q

Organic synthesis - Alkenes can be turned into:

A
44
Q

Organic synthesis - Haloalkanes can be turned into:

A
45
Q

Organic synthesis - Alcohols can be turned into:

A
46
Q

Organic synthesis - Alkanes can be turned into:

A
47
Q

Organic synthesis - Carboxylic acids can be turned into:

A
48
Q

Mass Spectrometry (MS):

A
49
Q

How to interpret a mass spectrum:

A
50
Q

Fragmentation:

A
51
Q

Common fragments:

A
52
Q

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy:

A
53
Q

Infrared spectrum of an alcohol:

A
54
Q

Infrared spectrum of an aldehyde/ketone:

A
55
Q

Infrared spectrum of a carboxylic acid:

A
56
Q

Uses of infrared spectroscopy:

A
57
Q

IR and the environment:

A

AS Chemistry (6 decks)

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