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Chemistry > Basic concepts and Alkanes > Flashcards

Basic concepts and Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a curly arrow represent?

A

The movement of a pair of electrons

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2
Q

What is meant by heterolytic fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond where one atom gets both bonding electrons.

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3
Q

What is a lone pair?

A

A pair of electrons not involved in a bond.

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4
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A pair of electrons shared between 2 atoms

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5
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A

A shared pair of electrons, directly between the 2 bonding atoms.

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6
Q

What is a pi bond?

A

A shared pair of electrons, above and below the 2 bonding atoms.

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7
Q

What is a single bond?

A

Is a sigma bond. It contains one shared pair of electrons.

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8
Q

What is a double bond?

A

Is a sigma bond and a pi bond. It contains 2 shared pairs of electrons.

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9
Q

Where does a pair of curly arrows start?

A

Always starts at a pair of electrons.

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10
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. It tells you nothing about the bonding within the compound.

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11
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

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12
Q

What is condensed formula?

A

It is also texted-based. Here each carbon atom is listed separately, with atoms attached to it following. An exception is cyclic parts of molecules, e.g. benzene, where the carbons are grouped.

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13
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

Shows all of the atoms and all of the bonds present in an organic compound, the bonds are represented as lines.

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14
Q

What is structural formula?

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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15
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon Skelton and associated functional groups.

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16
Q

What is general formula?

A

The simpilest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series, e.g. for an alkane CnH2n+2

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17
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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18
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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19
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Where 2 reactants join together to form one product.

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20
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

Where an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms - 2 products are made.

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20
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one - 2 products are made.

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21
Q

What is the suffix for an alkane?

A

-ane

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22
Q

What is the suffix for an alkene?

A

-ene

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23
Q

What is the suffix for an alcohol?

A

-ol

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24
Q

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

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25
Q

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

A

-al

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26
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

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27
Q

What word can be used to describe an alkene and alkyne but not an alkane?

A

Unsaturated ( they contain a double bond)

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28
Q

What is an aliphatic molecule?

A

An aliphatic molecule contains carbon atoms joined together in a straight or branched chains. It does not contain a benzene ring.

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29
Q

What is an aromatic molecule?

A

An aromatic molecule contains at least one benzene ring

30
Q

What is an alicyclic molecule?

A

An alicyclic molecule is an aliphatic molecule that contains carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not a benzene ring.

31
Q

What are the three systematic rules when naming alkanes?

A

1- find the longest continuous carbon chain(around corners and any directions) and name this according to the parent alkane.
2- name the substituent alkyl group, formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a straight-chain alkane. Replace -ane with -yl, e.g. CH3 is methyl.
3- number the carbon atoms in the longest chain to indicate the positions of any substituent groups. The end of the chain from which you start numbering is the one which produces the lower set of numbers.

32
Q

What is rule 4 and 5 of naming alkanes?

A

4- if the same alkyl group appears more than once as a substituent, indicate this by using di-, tri-, tetra- to show the number present. separate the numbers by commas.
5- the names of the substituents are arranged alphabetically, regardless of the numbering - ethyl comes before methyl - note that dimethyl, trimethyl are considered to start with m.

33
Q

What is the general formula for a cycloalkane?

A

CnH2n

34
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

35
Q

What is the general formula for a alkene?

A

CnH2n

36
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

37
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2nO2

38
Q

What is the general formula for a ketone?

A

CnH2nO

39
Q

What is meant by the term structural isomerism?

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

40
Q

During a chemical chemical reaction a chemical bond between two atoms must be broken. An electron pair shared between two atoms ( the covalent bond) can break in three possible ways, depending upon the relative what of the two atoms?

A

The electronegativity which is a measure of the attraction of the bonded atom for the pair of e- in a covalent bond.

41
Q

What is the name given to a species that has as least one unpaired electron?

A

A radical

42
Q

When a bond breaks and both atoms have one unpaired electron/become radical what type of fission is this?

A

Homolytic fission

43
Q

What does a fish-hook arrow represent?

A

The movement of a single electron.

44
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group C=C?

A

Alkene

45
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group OH?

A

Alcohol

46
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -Cl -Br -I ?

A

Haloalkane

47
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -CHO?

A

Aldehyde

48
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -C(CO)C-?

A

Ketone

49
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -COOH?

A

Carboxylic acid

50
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -COOC-?

A

Ester

51
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -COCl?

A

Acyl chloride

52
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -NH2?

A

Amine

53
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the functional group -CN?

A

Nitrile

54
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the prefix hydroxy-?

A

Alcohol

55
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the prefix chloro- bromo- iodo-?

A

Haloalkane

56
Q

What is the name of the type of compound with the prefix amino-?

A

Amine

57
Q

What is the suffix for an ester?

A

-oate

58
Q

What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?

A

-oyl chloride

59
Q

What is the suffix for an amine?

A

-amine

60
Q

What is the suffix for a nitrile?

A

-nitrile

61
Q

How is a sigma bond formed?

A

In the overlap of 2 orbitals, one from each bonded atom. It is on a line directly between the 2 bonded atoms. It contains 2 electrons, one from each bonded atom.

62
Q

Alkanes are the main components of what?

A

Crude oil

63
Q

Alkanes are mainly used as what?

A

Fuels

64
Q

What is the definition of covalent bond?

A

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.

65
Q

How does chain length affect the boiling point of an alkane?

A

The larger the surface area of contact (larger carbon chain) the more London dispersion forces and therefore a larger amount of energy is needed to overcome these.

66
Q

What happens when a liquid boils?

A

The intermolecular forces are weak. when a liquid boils, it is these that are broken and allow individual molecules to separate away from each other to become a gas. The covalent bonds are still intact.

67
Q

How does a pi bond pi bond form?

A

Sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above and below the bonding atoms.

68
Q

Why do free radical substitutions result in impure products?

A

Because there are many possible side reactions e.g. further substitution or substitution at different chain positions.

69
Q

Define stereo isomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangements in space.

70
Q

Which type of fission is Cl2 being broken by UV light?

A

Homolytic

71
Q
A
72
Q
A

Chemistry (10 decks)

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