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Applied Behavior Analysis > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

3 term contingency

A

antecedent- behavior- consequence

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2
Q

antecedent

A

environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest

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3
Q

automaticity of reinforcement

A

behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware s/he is being reinforced.

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4
Q

aversive stimulus

A

an unpleasant or noxious stimulus;

a stimulus condition that functions

1) to evoke a behavior that has terminated the aversive stimulus in the past
2) as a punisher
3) as a reinforcer when terminated

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5
Q

behavior

A

Portion of the organism’s interaction with the environment

Characterized by displacements in space through time:
Temporal locus (when)
Temporal extent (duration)
Repeatability (frequency)

Results in a measurable change in some aspect of the environment

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6
Q

conditioned punisher (CP)

A

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simultaneously with the occurrence of other punishers may acquire the ability to punish on their own consequence

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7
Q

conditioned reinforcer (CR)

A

stimulus events or conditions that are presented or that occur just before or simulations with the occurrence of other reinforcers may acquire the ability to reinforce behavior when they later occur on their own consequences.

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8
Q

conditioned stimulus (CR)

A

stimulus created after stim-stim pairing creates a condiitioned reflex

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9
Q

consequence

A

Stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest, especially those that are immediate

Relevant to current motivational states

Some influence future behavior, others have little effect

Can be social or nonsocial

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10
Q

contingency

A

various types of temporal of functional relations between behavior and antecedent and consequent variables.

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11
Q

contingent

A

dependency of a particular consequences on the occurrence of behavior.

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12
Q

deprivation

A

the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer.
(e.g. procedure of increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

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13
Q

discriminated operant

A

a behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does under others

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14
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced. (e.g. reinforced is available)

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15
Q

environment

A

everything except the moving parts of an organism involved in the behavior; only real physical events included

All behavior occurs within an environmental context;
Behavior cannot be emitted in an environmental void or vacuum

Stimulus

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16
Q

extinction

A

when reinforcement is withheld, the frequency of behavior will gradually decrease to pre-reinforcement levels or cease occur altogether

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17
Q

habituation

A

process of gradually diminishing response strength

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18
Q

higher order conditoning

A

stimulus-stimulus pairing of an NS with a CS

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19
Q

History of reinforcement

A

repertoire of behaviors each person brings to any situation has been selected, shaped and maintained by…

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20
Q

Motivating operations

A

an environmental variable that-alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus
-alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object or event.

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21
Q

negative reinforcement

A

frequency of behavior increases because past responses resulted in the removal or termination of a stimulus.

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22
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that dies not elicit a reflex response

23
Q

ontogency

A

individual organism

24
Q

operant behavior

A

any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences.

25
Q

operant conditioning

A

process and selective effects of consequences on behavior.

26
Q

phylogeny

A

history of species

27
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and results in the behavior occurring more often in the future

28
Q

punisher

A

decrease of response frequency

29
Q

punishment

A

when a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar situations

30
Q

reflex

A

stimulus- response relation, part of organism genetic endowment

31
Q

reinforcement

A

if a bx is followed closely in time by a stimulus event and as a result the future frequency of that type of BX increases in similar conditions.

32
Q

reinforcer

A

increase of response frequency

33
Q

repertoire

A

all behaviors a person can do set or collection of knowledge and skills

34
Q

respondent behavior

A

BX that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. induced or brought out by a stimulus that precedes the behavior, nothing else is required for the response to occur.

35
Q

respondent conditioning

A 
new stimuli can acquire that ability to elicit respondents.
NS+US=UR
NS+US=UR
US=UR
CS=CR
36
Q

respondent extinction

A

procedure of repeatedly presented a CS without the US until the CS is no longer elicits the conditioned response

37
Q

response

A

Specific instance of behavior

action of an organisms effector (organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specialised for altering its environment)

38
Q

response class

A

A group of responses with the same function

Each response in the group produces the same effect on the environment

39
Q

Satiation

A

a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed as the result of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior (e.g. procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

40
Q

selection by consequences

A

all forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function

41
Q

stimulus

A

an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

described:
Formally (Physical features)
Temporally (When they occur with respect to a behavior of interest)
Functionally (Effects on behavior)

42
Q

stimulus class

A

any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of the following dimensions:

Formal (physical features) dimensions of stimuli
Temporal locus (when) of stimuli
Behavioral functions (effect) of stimulus changes
43
Q

Stimulus control

A

when a discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus

44
Q

Stimulus= stimulus pairing

A

pairing a neutral stimuli with an unconditioned stimuli

45
Q

unconditioned punisher

A

stimulus change that can decrease the future frequency of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment

46
Q

unconditioned reinforcer (UR)

A

a stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any form of reinforcement.

47
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

reflex=response

48
Q

response topography

A

the form, or physical characteristics of a behavior

49
Q

formal dimensions of stimuli

A

Physical characteristics

Descriptions, measurements, manipulations based on:
Size, color, intensity, weight, etc.

Can be
Social
Nonsocial

50
Q

temporal loci of stimuli

A

When stimulus changes that
occur

prior to (Antecedent)

Immediately after (Consequence)

Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior play a critical part in learning and motivation

Learners do not need to be aware of antecedents for antecedents to effect behavior

51
Q

Stimulus changes

A

best understood through a functional analysis of their effects on behavior

Immediate control
Delayed, or no apparent effect

Stimulus changes
An immediate but temporary effect of increasing or decreasing the current frequency of the behavior
A delayed but relatively permanent effect in terms of the frequency of that type of behavior in the future

52
Q

Principle of behavior

A

Describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables (b = fx)

Thorough generality across individual organisms, species, settings, behaviors

Empirical generalization inferred from many experiments

Describe how behavior works
Reinforcement, punishment, extinction

53
Q

Behavior change tactic

A

Research-based, technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior

Sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and or behaviors to warrant its codification & dissemination

Technological aspect of ABA

Applied Behavior Analysis (26 decks)

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