Basic Concepts Flashcards
Functional group definition
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
Homologous series definition
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
What are the names of the first 10 members of the alkanes homologous series?
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane
Formula, prefix and suffix of an alcohol
-OH
Hydroxy-
-ol
Formula and suffix of an aldehyde
- CHO
- al
Formula and suffix of a ketone
C-CO-C
-one
Formula and suffix of a carboxylic acid
- COOH
- oic acid
When naming compounds, an aldehyde is always on…
Carbon-1
When naming a compound with more than one group attached to it, the groups are listed…
Alphabetically
Structural isomers definition
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Stereoisomers definition
Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space
E/Z isomerism is…
An example of stereoisomerism. It occurs because of restricted rotation around a C=C bond and when 2 different groups of atoms are attached to each carbon of the C=C bond
What is Cis-trans isomerism
A special case of E/Z isomerism in which 2 of the substituent groups are the same
The E isomer looks like…
Z
The Z isomer looks like…
E
The cis isomer looks like…
C
The trans isomer looks like…
Z
What is homolytic fission?
A type of bond breaking where each atom in the covalent bond receives an electron from the bond, forming 2 radicals
What is heterolytic fission?
A type of bond breaking in which one atom in the covalent bond receives both of the electrons from the bond, forming a cation and an anion
What is a curly arrow?
An arrow that represents the movement of an electron pair, showing either breaking or formation of a covalent bond
Percentage yield =
Actual yield / theoretical yield x 100%
Atom economy =
Molecular mass of desired products / sum of molecular masses of all products x 100%
Which reactions are more efficient, addition reactions or substitution reactions, and why?
Addition reactions are more efficient because they have 100% atom economy whereas substitution reactions produce some by-products and are less efficient. These by-products have to be disposed of, which is expensive, and landfill space is running out.
What are the benefits of developing chemical processes with a high atom economy?
There are fewer waste materials
