Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Make observations
Formulate a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis

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2
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solids, Liquids. Gases. Condensed Matter

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3
Q

What are some qualities of solids?

A
  • Hard, fixed shape.
  • Little volume changes with temperature changes.
  • Particles are packed closely together in a regular array.
  • They vibrate around their average position
  • Very low compressibility
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4
Q

What are some qualities of liquids?

A
  • Fluid, no fixed shape
  • Fixed volume, little volume change with changes or temperature.
  • Random orientation of the particles relative to one another
  • They still stay close to one another
  • Very low compressibility
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5
Q

What are some qualities of Gasses?

A
  • Fluid, no fixed shape or volume
  • Volume and pressure change dramatically with temperature changes
  • Particles are far apart
  • Particles move fast in a linear motion until they collide with another particle
  • When kinetic energy is exchanged, the direction of motion changes.
  • Very high compressibility
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6
Q

What are the rules of the Kinetic molecular theory?

A
  • All particles are in motion
  • The higher the temperature, the faster the motion
  • The energy of the motion is called “kinetic energy”
  • The kinetic energy is responsible for the temperature
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7
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

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8
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A

A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture.

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9
Q

What are some ways we can separate mixtures into their component pure substances?

A
  • Filtration
  • Distillation
  • Chromatography
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10
Q

What is distillation?

A

The action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.

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11
Q

What is Chromatography?

A

A chemical process of separating components of a mixture (think COVID test)

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12
Q

What is the formula to find density?

A

d= m/v

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13
Q

What is the difference between Extensive and Intensive Properties?

A

Extensive properties depend of the amount of substance: Mass, Volume
Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance: melting/boiling point, density.

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14
Q

What kind of property (extensive or intensive) is the following calculation: mass/volume = density. ?

A

intensive: The ration of two extensive properties is an intensive property.

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15
Q

List all the physical and chemical changes that occur between states of matter.

A

Solid- Liquid: Melting
Solid- Gas: Sublimation
Liquid- Gas: Vaporization
Gas- Liquid: Liquefaction
Liquid- Solid: Solidification
Gas- Liquid or Solid: Condensation

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16
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

There is a change in the identity of substances.

17
Q

What are the two kinds of energy? What are they associated with?

A

1- Kinetic Energy - associated with motion
2- Potential Energy - associated with the position or status of objects

18
Q

What are the different types of energy found within Kinetic energy?

A
  • Thermal energy
  • Mechanical energy
  • Electrical energy
  • Acoustic energy
19
Q

What are the different types of energy found within Potential energy?

A
  • Gravitational energy
  • Electrostatic energy
  • Nuclear energy
  • Chemical energy

(GENC)

20
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

motion of submicroscopic particles (atoms, ions, molecules): mostly vibrations and rotations

21
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

motion of macroscopic objects (balls, cars, people)

22
Q

What is Electrical energy?

A

motion of electrons in conductors.

23
Q

What is Acoustic energy?

A

pressure waves in materials (transmission of sound)

24
Q

What is Gravitational energy?

A

attraction by very large bodies (Earth, Sun)

25
Q

What is Electrostatic energy?

A

energy associated with the separation of electrical charges

26
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

stored in chemical bonds. Chemical reactions involve an absorption or emission of energy due to bonds being broken and others being formed

27
Q

What is Nuclear energy?

A

energy/mass conversion (Einstein’s relativity theory)