Basic Concept

Question 1

Human Factors

Answer 1

is about people: it is about people in their working
and living environments, relationship with equipment, procedures, environmentand reletionship with other people. Optimize the performance of people by the systematic application of the human sciences, often integrated within the framework of system engineering. Its twin objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.

Question 2

Competent Pilot

Answer 2

• A high sense of responsibility
• Ability (academic and flight handling)
• Motivation
• A good communicator
• Flexibility
• Physical fitness
• Reliability
• A balanced personality
• A team player
• Calmness under stress
• An eye for detail
• Competency in Risk Assessment
• Competency in the skills of Stress and Crew Managements

Question 3

Training

Answer 3

Relevant
Regular
clear and concise
time-efficent
participetional
include coruse reading and revision of material

Question 4

Self-training

Answer 4

devoloping specific skill, knoledge and Attitude.

As your competence and expertise increase so will your self-confidence

Question 5

percent of human error in incident

Answer 5

70-73 %

Question 6

most common incident

Answer 6

CFIT - controllef flight into terrain => to avoid this type of incident is impliment the GPWS and EWGPS.

Question 7

Incident per pilot

Answer 7

1 Loss of directional control
2 Poor judgement
3 Airspeed not maintained
4 Poor preflight planning and preflight
decision making
5 Not maintaining ground clearance

Question 8

phases of flight most prone to accidents

Answer 8

1 Intermediate and Final Approach
2 Landing
3 Take-off
4 Descent

Question 9

Safety culture

Answer 9

The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine
the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safety management.

Question 10

safety culture type

Answer 10

• Open Culture
• Closed Culture
• National Culture is a really influence of safety culture

Question 11

Open Culture

Answer 11

Where all levels of an organization play an active part in the improvement of the safety culture.

Question 12

Closed Culture

Answer 12

Where an organization is reluctant to release info on threats, errors or undesired aircraft states to other agencies.

Question 13

National Culture

Answer 13

Both government and ethnic factors influence attitudes towards safety culture

Question 14

Swiss Cheese Model

Answer 14

from J. Reason - > risk analysis and managment
holes in the cheese slices represent individual weaknesses in each part of the system and are continually varying in position and size in each slice.
Will produce failures when all of the holes in each slice momentarily align. A hazard will pass through all of the holes in all of the defences leading to a failure

Question 15

The Five Elements of Safety Culture

Answer 15

1. An informed culture
2. A reporting culture
3. A learning culture
4. A just culture -Errors and unsafe acts will not be punished if the error was unintentional.
5. A flexible culture

Question 16

Non punitive colture

Answer 16

Errors and unsafe acts will not be punished thus encouraging an atmosphere where people have the confidence to report safety concerns.

Question 17

TEM compontent

Answer 17

1 Threats

2. Errors
3. Undesired aircraft states

Question 18

Threat

Answer 18

Latent Threats - not immediately obvious to, or observable by flight crews, e.g. poor equipment design, visual illusions or quick turn-around schedules.
Environmental Threats - Those occurring during actual operations, e.g. weather, terrain, ATC, airport.
Organizational Threats - Operational pressure, aircraft type, cabin design, maintenance, dispatch, documentation.

Question 19

Error

Answer 19

Actions or lack of actions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations.

Question 20

Type of error

Answer 20

–Aircraft Handling Errors
Manual handling, automatic systems, ground navigation.
–Procedural Errors
SOPs, checklists, briefing documentation.
–Communication Errors
Crew to external, pilot to pilot.

Question 21

Undesired aircraft states

Answer 21

Flight crew induced aircraft speed or position eviations, misapplication of flight controls, incorrect system configurations, associated with a reduction in safety margins.
Possible type
1. Aircraft handling
2. Ground navigation
3. Incorrect configuration

Question 22

Counter Measures

Answer 22

All flight crew MUST employ counter measures in order to keep threats, errors and undesired aircraft states from reducing safety margins in flight operations

Question 23

Hard Resources

Answer 23

Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS)
Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS)
Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs)
Checklists
Briefings
Training

Question 24

Avoid Trap Mitigate (ATM)

Answer 24

Avoid: An attempt to foresee potential problems. Best achieved at times of low workload.
Trap: Deal with threats and hazards as they occur.
Mitigate: Deal with the consequences of an error that has occurred.

Question 25

Duties of flight crew

Answer 25

• captain
• F/o
• All crew
• Flight eng
• other crew