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Molecules and Cells II > Basic Components of the Immune System > Flashcards

Basic Components of the Immune System Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphoid tissues found within the linings of multiple organ systems, including the gastointestinal and respiratory tracts

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2
Q

The bone marrow contains several cell types that coordinate HSC development like:

A

Osteoblasts- Generate bone and control the differentation of HSCs

Endothelial cells- Line the blood vessesls and regulate HSC differentation

Reticular cells- Send processes connecting cells to bone and blood vessels

Sympathetic neurons- Can control the release of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow.

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3
Q

What is the role of NADPH oxidase?

A

Catalyzes the production of superoxide radicals

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4
Q

T lymphocytes only recognize processed pieces of antigen bound to the cell membrane proteins called______________

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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5
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells are defined by what two capacities?

A
  1. The ability to “self-renew”
  2. The ability to differentiate into all diverse blood cell types
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6
Q

Granulocytes have granules that are released in response to ____________

A

Contact with pathogens

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7
Q

Lymphoid follicles are found within the _________ of the intestines and in the mucous membranes lining the _________, _____________, and ___________.

A

Lamina propria, upper airways, bronchi, and genitourinary tract

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8
Q

The white and red pulp of the spleen are separated by?

A

The marginal zone

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9
Q

The myeloid progenitor gives rise to which cells? What do each of the cells guve rise to?

A

The Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (Neutrophil, Monocyte)

Eosinophil progenitor (Eosinophil)

Basophil progenitor (Basophil)

Megakaryocyte (Platelets)

Erythroid Progenitor (Erythrocyte)

Dendritic cell

Mast Cells

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10
Q

Secondary Lympoid Orhans all share what key features?

A
  1. All have anatomicall distinct reqions of T- cell and B-cel activity
  2. They all develop lymphoid follicles
  3. Both connected by two different circulatory systems: Blood and Lymphatics
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11
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

High in the left side of the abdominal cavity

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12
Q

Which SLOs are highly organized?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen

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13
Q

Persistent infections to the mucous membranes, skin, and respiratory tract can lead to:

A

Adenopathy (Swollen lymph nodes)

Gingivitis (Gum inflammation)

Sinopulmonary infection

Pyoderma (skin infection with formation of pus

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14
Q

Innate cells

A

Myeloid cells and Natural killer cells

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15
Q

Two Types of Lymphoid Organs. What are the roles of each? Which organs fall under each type?

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs- Regulate the development of immune cells from immature precursors

  • Bone Marrow
  • Thymus

Secondary Lympoid Organs- Coordinate the encounter of antigen with antigen-specific lymphocytes and their development into effector and memory cells

  • Spleen
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Specialized sites in the gut and other mucosal tissues
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16
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

A

Congenital immunodeficiency, X-linked recessive, involving phagocytic function

Caused by a mutation in one of the five genes that code for subunits of the enzyme NADPH oxidase

Lack of NADPH Oxidase results in the inability to create superoxide, other reactive oxygen species, and reactive chloride species

Can lead to repeated infections of the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the respiratory and GI tract with catalase positive organisms.

Subset diseases: recurrent lymphadenitis, pneumonia, and dermatological infections

Chronic granulomas occur within the first two yeards of life, but diagnosis may be delayed as late as the second decade of life.

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17
Q

In children, splenectomy can lead to _____________ characterized by systemic bacterial infections caused primarily by ________________, ______________, and ______________.

A

Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI); Streptococcus pneumoniae; Neisseria meningitidis; Hemophilus influenzae

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18
Q

Where is the hematopoietic stem cell found?

A

Bone Marrow

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19
Q

How many types of LAD are known?

A

3

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20
Q

What sets the spleen apart from other secondary lymphoid organs?

A

The spleen is connected only to blood vessels

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21
Q

Which SLOs are less organized?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

  • Tonsils
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Appendix
  • Lymphoid follicles
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22
Q

Adaptive Cells

A

Cells with T or B cell receptors

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23
Q

Blood vessels and lymphatic systems connect the lymphoid organs, uniting them into a ___________

A

Functional whole

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24
Q

Role of trabeculae in spleen

A

Structural support

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25
Q

What molecules are found in the granules of neutrophils? What examples of each? What are their functions?

A

Proteases- Tissue Remodeling

  • Examples: Elastase, Collagenase

Antimicrobial proteins- Direct harm to pathogens

  • Examples: Defensins, Lysozyme

Protease Inhibitors- Regulation of Proteases

  • Examples: alpha1-anti-trysin

Histamine- Vasodilation, inflammation

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26
Q

In respiratory epithelium the MALT is referred to as ___________

In intestinal epithelium the MALT is referred to as _________

A

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

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27
Q

LAD 1 results from the deficiency of the ____________subunit, also called__________, encoded by _________gene found on chromosome __________

A

Beta2 Integrin

CD18

ITGB2

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28
Q

What is the role of lymphoid folloicles?

A

They are responsible for the development of B cells that produce high affinity antibodies

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29
Q

Neutrophil Diapedesis Steps

A
  1. Neutrophil enters vascular lumen
  2. Neutrophil is slowed down by PGSL-1
  3. Neutrophil is then able to binf P-Selectin
  4. CD11/18 expressed on the neutrophil binds to ICAM-1
  5. Neutrophil extravated
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30
Q

The process by which hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into mature blood cells is called ___________

A

Hematopoiesis

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31
Q

In this deficiency white blood cell count and absolute neutrophil count are high

A

LAD

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32
Q

Monocytes can differentiate into specific tissue macrophases such as:

A

Osteoclasts in the bone

Microglial cells in the central nervous system

Alveolar macrophages in the lung

33
Q

What molecules are found in the granules of basophils/ mast cells? What examples of each? What are their functions?

A

Cytokines- Modulation of adaptive immunre response

  • IL-4, IL-13

Lipid mediators- Regulation of inflammation

  • Leukotriene

Histamine- Vasodilation, smooth muscle activation

34
Q

Location of the thymus

A

Found just above the heart

35
Q

Monocytes give rise to _______ and __________.

A

Macrophages; Dendritic cells

36
Q

Components of the GALT

A

Loose, barely organized clusters of lymphoid cells in the lamina propria of intestinal villi

Well-organized structures such as the tonsils and adenoids, the appendix, and Peyer’s Patches

37
Q

What are the three types of helper T cells and what are their roles?

A

T Helper Type 1: Regulate the immune response to intracellular pathogens

T Helper Type 2: Regulate the response to many extracellulr pathogens

T Helper Type 17: Secrete IL-14 and play an important role in cell-mediated immunity and may help the defense against fungi.

38
Q

All immune cells taht traffic through tissues, blood, and lymp nodes are guided by small molecules known as ___________

A

Chemokines

39
Q

What are M cells?

A

M cells are flattened epithelial cells that lack microvilli. they are filled with a cluster of B cells, T cells, and macrophages

40
Q

Role of Gamma Interferon

A

Used to normalize the oxidative burst of neutrophils to most organisms but is not effective for treating fungal infections

41
Q

What are the most active sites of hematopoiesis?

A

The long bones (femur, humerus), hip bones (ileum), and sternum

42
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy? What are the symptoms?

A

Damage to the peripheral nervous system.

Numbness or tingling, pricking sensations (paresthesia), or muscle weakness

43
Q

The splenic white pulp surrounds the branches of the ___________, and consists of the ______________populated by T lymphocytes as well as B-cell follicles.

A

Central artery; Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath (PALS)

44
Q

3 major components of the thymus and their structures

A

Cortex- Densely populated with immature thymocytes

Medulla- Sparsely populated with mature thymocytes

Corticomedullary junction- Separated cortex and medulla and allow cells to enter from and exit to the blood stream

45
Q

What molecules are found in the granules of eosinophil? What examples of each? What are their functions?

A

Cationic protein- Induces formation of reactive oxygen species

  • Examples: Eosinophil peroxidase

Ribonucleases- Vasodilation, basophil degranulation

  • Major basic protein

Cytokines- Antiviral activity

  • ECP, EDN

Chemokines

  • Examples
    • IL-4, IL-10 IL-13, TNFa (Modulation of adaptive immune responses)
    • RANTES, MIP1a (Attract leukocytes)
46
Q

In B cells, the receptor is also known as _________

A

Immunoglobins

47
Q

Which lymphoid organ is important in the response to systemic infections?

A

Spleen

48
Q

Neutophil Test

A

The nitroblue tertazolium (NBT). Activated Neutrophils are tested for their ability to phagocytose and reduce NBT

49
Q

Cells that generate a refined antigen specific immune response are considered _________. These cells also give rise to immune _________

A

Adaptive; Memory

50
Q

What are the catalase positive organisms?

A

Candida

S. Aureus

P. Auruginosa

Listeria

Aspergillus

Serratia

Enterobacteriaceae

51
Q

Roles of the spleen

A

Organizes the immune response against blood-borne pathogens

Filtering blood and trapping blood-borne antigens

Important in the response to systemic infections

52
Q

The lymphatic system is a network of thin willed vessels that play a major role in immune cell trafficking, including:

A

The travel of antigen and antigen-presenting cells to the secondary lymphoid organs

Used for exit of lymphocytes from the lymph nodes

Lymph is derived from the plasma of blood

53
Q

Components of lymph nodes and their functions/structure

A

Cortex- Contains lymphocytes (mostly B cells), macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells arranged in follicles

Paracortex- Populated largely by T lymphocytes and also contains dendritic cells that migrated from tissues to the node

Medulla- The innermost layer and the site where lymphocytes exit the lymph node through the outgoing (efferent) lymphatics

Germinal centers- substructures that facilitate the generation of B cells with increased receptor affinities

54
Q

Thymocytes are positively selected in the the __________

A

Cortex

55
Q

Autoreactive thymocytes are negatively selected in the _________

A

Medulla

56
Q

Lymphocytes make up ________ to _______% of circulating white blood cell and ______% of cells in the lymph.

A

20; 40; 99

57
Q

When do lymphocytes become active? What happens after they become active?

A

Upon contact with antigen. They proliferate and differentiate into both effector and memory cells.

58
Q

The lymphoid progenitor gives rise to which cells? What do each of the cells guve rise to?

A

Natural Killer cell

T- cell progenitor (Helper T Cell, Cytotoxic T cell)

B- cell progenitor (B cell)

Dendritic cells

59
Q

In this defiency, there is a mutation in lysosomal trafficking receptors that inhibits phagocytosis

A

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

60
Q

High C-reactive protein is indicative of __________

A

Inflammation

61
Q

The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to ________ and __________.

A

Myeloid progenitor; lymphoid progenitor

62
Q

What cells secrete chemokines?

A

Stomal cells

Antigen presenting cells

lmyphocytes

granulocytes

63
Q

Are hematopoietic stem cells static to the bone marrow?

A

No they can go to different organs

64
Q

What role do the natural killer cells play?

A

They distinguish cells that should be killed from normal cells, by recognizing the absence of the MHC I, which is expressed in almost all normal cells.

They are also involved in the Antibody- Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Complex. The natural killer cells express receptors for immunoglobulins, which allows them to bind antibodies. The antibodies are then able to bind ligands that are attached to the target cell. The Natural killer cells then releases granules that induces apoptosis.

65
Q

T cytotoxic expresses ___________ and T Helper cells express __________.

A

CD8, CD4

66
Q

Flow of immune reaction

A
  1. Foreign antigen gains entrance
  2. Antigen pick up by the lympatic system
  3. Antigen carried to the lymph nodes
  4. Lymph nodes become enriched in specific leukocytes
67
Q

The first cells to respond to infection are considered ____________

A

Innate

68
Q

Activated B cells differentiate into effector cells known as ___________, which lose expression of ________ and become highly specialized for secretion of __________.

A

Plasma Cells; B-cell receptor; antibodies

69
Q

Leukocyte adhesion defeciency

A

Rare, autosomal recessive disorder affecting the expression of integrins on the cell surface pf neutrophils. Integrins are needs for white blood cells to extravasate out of the circulation and respond to sites on infections. LAD is typically present early on in life with delayed umbilical cord detachment and omphalitis (infection of the umbilical cord stump). Left untreated patients will go on to develop gingivitis, stomatitis, skin infection, and gut infection. White blood cell count and absolute neutrophil count will be high through any infection

70
Q

Do natural killer T cells express antigen specific receptors?

A

No. They are considered a part of the innate immune system

71
Q

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

A

Very rare, autosomal disorder involving lysosomal functioning. Involves the CHS1 and LYST genes (lysosomal trafficking regulators)

Poor traficking of lysosomes, especially affecting the leukocytes, melanocytes, and platelets

Imunodeficiency primarily involves S. aureus, beta- hemolytic strep, and fungus infections

Persistent infections especially involving the mucous membranes, skin, and respiratory tract

Platelet type bleeding

Neurological dysfunction (especially peripheral neuropathy)

72
Q

Three types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphoctye

T lymphocyte

Natural Killer Cells

73
Q

What are the two main microenvironmental compartments of the spleen?

A

Red pulp

White pulp

74
Q

How many liters of lymph seep daily?

A

2.9

75
Q

One HSC is present per ____________ cells in the bone marrow.

A

5x104

76
Q

Where are B lymphocytes derived from in birds?

A

•Bursa of Fabricius

77
Q

Plasma cell lose expression of ___________ and become highly specialized for secretion of ____________

A

BCR; antibody

78
Q

Pathogen in LAD

A

Streptococcus milleri

79
Q
A

Molecules and Cells II (14 decks)

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