basic components of a living system: eukaryotic cell ultrastructure

Question 1

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
structure

Answer 1

system of membranes enclosed in a fluid filled space
large surface area

Question 2

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
function

Answer 2

synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

Question 3

rough endoplasmic reticulum
structure

Answer 3

system of membranes enclosed in a fluid filled space
large surface area
has ribosomes on outer surface

Question 4

rough endoplasmic reticulum
function

Answer 4

synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
provides a pathway for materials to be transported through the cell, especially proteins

Question 5

golgi apparatus
structure

Answer 5

cisternae
vesicles (transport) (secretary)

Question 6

golgi apparatus
function

Answer 6

process and package lipids and proteins made by the rer which are transported by vesicles
also make lysosomes

Question 7

ribosomes
structure

Answer 7

contains ribosomal RNA and proteins
float freely in cytoplasm or attached to membrane of rer

Question 8

ribosomes
function

Answer 8

protein synthesis
80s - eukaryotic
70s - prokaryotic

Question 9

mitochondria
structure

Answer 9

double membrane
cistae
matrix

Question 10

mitochondria
function

Answer 10

site of aerobic respiration to prouce ATP
found in large numbers in muscle and epithelial cells

Question 11

lysosomes
structure

Answer 11

double membrane
contains enzymes such and protease and lipase

Question 12

lysosomes
function

Answer 12

break down material ingested by phagocyte
release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy materials around cell
digest worn out organelles to reuse useful chemicals theyre made of
completely break down dead cells

Question 13

chloroplasts
structure

Answer 13

doouble membrane
thyllakoids
stroma

Question 14

chloroplasts
function

Answer 14

responsible for photosynthesis
contain own DNA and ribosomes
can make own proteins

Question 15

centriole
structure

Answer 15

microtubules

Question 16

centriole
function

Answer 16

assembly and organisation of the spindle fibres during cell division

Question 17

flagella and cillia
structure

Answer 17

2 central microtubules surrounded by a pair of microtubules

Question 18

flagella
function

Answer 18

enable cells mobility
can detect chemical changes

Question 19

stationary / mobile cilia
function

Answer 19

stationary - sensory
mobile - cause fluids / objects adjacent to cell to move

Question 20

plasma membrane
structure

Answer 20

lipids and proteins

Question 21

plasma membrane
function

Answer 21

protect cell from surroundings

Question 22

cell wall
structure

Answer 22

cellulose

Question 23

cell wall
function

Answer 23

defense mechanism protecting cell contents against pathogens

Question 24

where do reactions take place

Answer 24

in the cytoplasm

Question 25

what does metabolism involve

Answer 25

the synthesis and the breaking down of molecules

Question 26

what do membranes control

Answer 26

the movement of substances in and out of the cell
effective barries but are fraile

Question 27

what does the nucleus contain

Answer 27

coded genetic information in the form of DNA molecules

Question 28

what does DNA direst

Answer 28

the synthesis of all proteins required by the cell
so it controls the metabolic activities of the cell

Question 29

nuclear envelope

Answer 29

double membrane
protects it from damage in the cytoplasm
contains nuclear pores

Question 30

nuclear pores

Answer 30

allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus
rna moleules are exported via the nuclear pores

Question 31

nucleolus

Answer 31

area within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes
made of proteins and rna
to produce rRNA

Question 32

vesicles structure

Answer 32

single membrane with fluid inside

Question 33

vesicles function

Answer 33

membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles
used to transport materials inside the cell

Question 34

what is the cytoskeleton

Answer 34

network of fibres necessary for teh shape and stability of a cell
organelles are held in place by teh cytoskeleton and it controls cell movement and the movement of organelles within the cell

Question 35

3 components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 35

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate fibres

Question 36

microfilaments structure

Answer 36

contracctile fibres formed from the protein actin

Question 37

microfilaments function

Answer 37

responsible for cell movement / contraction during cytokinesis
(cytoplasm of single eukaryotic cell is divided to form 2 daughter cells)

Question 38

microtubules structure

Answer 38

globular tubulin proteins polymerise to form tubes - scaffold strcutre determines the shape of cell

Question 39

microtubules function

Answer 39

tracks for movement of organelles around cell
spiindle fibres are composed of microtubules

Question 40

intermediate fibres function

Answer 40

mechanical strength to cells
help mmaintain their intergrity

Question 41

protein production steps

Answer 41

proteins are synthesised on ribosomes bound to er
passed into cisternae + packaged into transport vesicles
they move toward golgi apparatus by transport function of cytoskeleton
vesicles fuse with golgi appartus cis face and proteins enter
proteins r structurally modified before leaving golgi apparatus in vesicles
secretory vesicles carry proteins to be released and fuse with cell surface membrane by exocytosis releasing their contents