Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Valence electron periodic table trend

Answer 1

Increase from left to right and from top to bottom

Question 2

Metals

Answer 2

-Elements on the left side and middle of the table
-Good electrical conductors
-Usually solid under standard conditions
-Ductible and malleable (can be stretched into other shapes)

Question 3

Nonmetals

Answer 3

-Elements on the far right side of the periodic table
-Poor conductors

Question 4

Metalloids

Answer 4

-Narrow staircase region on periodic table
-Poor to decent conductors
-Brittle

Question 5

Metalloids (specific elements)

Answer 5

Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium

Question 6

Group 1 Elements

Answer 6

Alkali metals; 1 valence electron; very reactive

Question 7

Group 2 Elements

Answer 7

Alkaline earth metals; 2 valence electrons; reactive

Question 8

Group 3-12 Elements

Answer 8

Transition metals; readily conduct electricity; most have multiple oxidation states; hard and durable

Question 9

Group 13 Elements

Answer 9

First is metalloid boron, rest are metals; 3 valence electrons

Question 10

Group 14 Elements

Answer 10

Carbon family; 4 valence electrons

Question 11

Group 15 Elements

Answer 11

Nitrogen family; 5 valence electrons

Question 12

Group 16 Elements

Answer 12

Chalcogens; 6 valence electrons, form -2 anions

Question 13

Group 17 Elements

Answer 13

Halogens; 7 valence electrons; very reactive

Question 14

Group 18 Elements

Answer 14

Noble/Inert gases; full valence shell; noreactive

Question 15

Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

Answer 15

Attractive force of the atom’s nucleus on the atom’s valence electrons

Question 16

Effective nuclear charge periodic trends

Answer 16

Increases from left to right, decreases from top to bottom due to shielding

Question 17

Atomic radius periodic trends

Answer 17

Decreases from left to right, increases from top to bottom (inverse relationship with Zeff)

Question 18

Electrostatic repulsion

Answer 18

Electrons repel each other and want to be far away from each other, so radius increases for anions compared to neutral atom

Question 19

Ionization energy

Answer 19

Energy required to remove one valence electron from a neutral atom in the gaseous state (first is always lower than the second due to reduced electrostatic repulsion after removal of first)

Question 20

Ionization energy periodic trends

Answer 20

Increases from left to right, decreases from top to bottom

Question 21

Main energy source of ATP

Answer 21

Energy stored in the third phosphate group’s bond - electrons in the other two phosphate groups strongly repel it

Question 22

Oxidation reactions

Answer 22

Loss of electrons; fewer bonds to hydrogen and more to oxygen

Question 22

Reduction reactions

Answer 22

Gain of electrons; more bonds to hydrogen and fewer bonds to oxygen

Question 23

Oxidation order of Hydrocarbons

Answer 23

Alkynes, Alkenes, Alkanes

Question 24

Polarity

Answer 24

Distribution of charge in a molecule

Question 25

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 25

Strong charge based interactions between partial positive and partial negative charges on O-H, F-N, and N-H

Question 26

Ions

Answer 26

Fully charged atoms or molecules

Question 27

Types of atoms in order of increasing polarity

Answer 27

Nonpolar < Polar but not H-bonding < Molecules that use H-bonding < Ions

Question 28

Steroids

Answer 28

Have polar groups, but are mostly nonpolar (4 ring structure)

Question 29

Amphipathic

Answer 29

Molecule with both polar and nonpolar parts

Question 30

Charge dipole

Answer 30

Formed from charge vectors within molecules, can cancel each other or have a net movement

Question 31

Binary compound

Answer 31

Consists of exactly two different elements

Question 32

Polyatomic ion

Answer 32

Charged species consisting of multiple atoms

Question 33

Intramolecular forces

Answer 33

Hold atoms together

Question 34

Covalent bond

Answer 34

-Bond between two nonmetals -Sharing of valence electrons

Question 35

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 35

2 elements in the bond have the same/very similar electronegativity (<0.5 eneg difference)

Question 36

Polar covalent bond

Answer 36

Very different electronegativity values between two elements, resulting in uneven sharing of electrons (0.5-1.7 eneg difference)

Question 37

Ionic bond

Answer 37

Between metal and nonmetal, complete transfer of electrons to nonmetal (>1.7 eneg difference)

Question 38

Metallic bonds

Answer 38

Electrons become delocalized, creating an electron cloud

Question 39

Intermolecular forces

Answer 39

Forces between separate molecules

Question 40

London Dispersion Forces

Answer 40

-Weakest IMF -Can be between any two molecules -Result from chance temporary dipoles -Stronger and more likely in larger molecules

Question 41

Dipole-dipole interactions

Answer 41

Between polar molecules with stable dipoles

Question 42

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 42

Between Hydrogen and either Oxygen, Fluorine, or Nitrogen (especially electronegative) ; both inter- and intra- molecular

Question 43

Ion-dipole forces

Answer 43

Between an ion and a polar molecule

Question 44

Ion-ion forces

Answer 44

IMF between two ions