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Unit 1 A&P > Basic Chem > Flashcards

Basic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Define chemistry

A

Science of the structure and interactions of matter

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2
Q

Define mass

A

Amount of matter in any living organism or nonliving thing

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3
Q

How many elements in periodic table

A

118

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4
Q

Common elements in human body

A

(H) hydrogen, (C) carbon, (O) oxygen, (N) nitrogen, (K) potassium, (Na) sodium, (Fe) iron, (Ca) calcium

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5
Q

How many elements in human body

A

26

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6
Q

What are the major elements and percentage present in human body

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen. 96%

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7
Q

What are the lesser elements and percentage found in human body

A

(Ca) calcium, (P) phosphorus, (K) potassium or kalium, (S) sulfur, (Na) sodium or natrium, (Cl) chorine, (Mg) magnesium, (Fe) iron or ferrium. 3.6%

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8
Q

How many trace elements are in the human body

A

14

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9
Q

What element is needed for thyroid hormones

A

(I) iodine

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10
Q

What element is needed for RBC’s to make hemoglobin

A

(Fe) iron

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11
Q

An atom consists of what basic parts

A

Nucleus and 1 or more electrons

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12
Q

What is the negatively charged “cloud” surrounding a nucleus

A

Electron shell

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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14
Q

Mass number

A

Total number of protons plus neutrons in an atom

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15
Q

If an atom either gives up or gains electrons developing an electrical charge causing unequal balance

A

Ion

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16
Q

Positive charged ions

A

Cation

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17
Q

Negative charged ions

A

Anions

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18
Q

2 or more atoms share electrons resulting in combination of atoms of the same element

A

Molecule

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19
Q

Molecule containing atoms of 2 or more different elements

A

Compound

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20
Q

Unstable ion or molecule that can be destructive with unpaired electron on outer shell

A

Free radical

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21
Q

Positively charged ions and negatively charged ions attracted to each other

A

Ionic bond

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22
Q

2 or more atoms that bond in a way to produce a chemically stable arrangement of 8 electrons on outer shell

A

Octet rule

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23
Q

Ionic bonds are mainly found in what

A

Teeth and bones

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24
Q

An ionic compound that breaks apart into cations and anions when dissolved

A

Electrolyte

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25
Q

What are the functions of an electrolyte

A

Control water movement, maintaining acid-base balance, produce nerve impulse

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26
Q

What bond shares electrons

A

Covalent

27
Q

Which bonds break down or dissolve in water

A

Ionic

28
Q

What is the most common chemical bond in body

A

Covalent

29
Q

Covalent bond that results in sharing 1 electron

A

Single covalent bond

30
Q

Atoms share electrons equally

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

31
Q

Atoms that share electrons unequally

A

Polar covalent bond

32
Q

Important example of Polar covalent bond in living systems

A

Water - oxygen and hydrogen

33
Q

Polar covalent bond formed with hydrogen atoms

A

Hydrogen bond

34
Q

What are hydrogen bonds the result of

A

Attraction of oppositely charged molecules rather than sharing of electrons

35
Q

What is the difference between ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds are weakest, they establish important links between water molecules, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

36
Q

Define chemical reaction

A

Occurs when new bonds form and/or bonds break between atoms

37
Q

What do chemical reactions result in

A

Body structures are built and body functions are carried out, processes that involve transfer of energy

38
Q

2 main forms of energy

A

Potential energy - energy stored by matter
Kinetic energy - energy of matter in motion

39
Q

What forms of energy are deprived from potential energy

A

Chemical energy - from foods you eat
Mechanical energy - used to walk/talk
Heat energy - maintain body temperature

40
Q

Define synthesis reaction

A

2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules “to put together”

41
Q

Define decomposition reactions

A

Molecule is split apart, referred to as catabolism

42
Q

Define exchange reactions

A

Reactions in the body exchange or “switch partners” consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions

43
Q

Define reversible reactions

A

Can go in either direction under different conditions, indicated by 2 half arrows pointing opposite directions

44
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

45
Q

What are the two main classes of compounds

A

Inorganic and organic

46
Q

What is the difference between inorganic and organic compounds

A

Inorganic lacks carbon, organ always contains carbon

47
Q

Examples of inorganic compounds

A

Water, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, acids, bases, salts

48
Q

Examples of organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

49
Q

Why is water important

A

Makes up 55-60% of body mass
Excellent solvent, participates in chemical reactions, absorbs and releases heat slowly, lubricates

50
Q

What is the PH scale

A

Acidity and alkalinity of molecules on a scale of 0-14

51
Q

pH scale of water

A

7

52
Q

What does it mean when solution is more acidic (pH below 7)

A

Solution that has more H+ than OH-

53
Q

What does it mean when a solution is more alkaline (pH above 7)

A

Solution has more OH- than H+

54
Q

What is the change on the pH scale representing a 10-fold change in number of H+

A

pH of 6 is 10 times more acidic than a pH of 7; pH of 9 is 100 times more alkaline than a pH of 7

55
Q

Define buffer systems

A

Bodies way to maintain pH

56
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

57
Q

How does homeostasis apply to pH

A

pH of fluids inside and outside of cells remain almost constant via buffer system

58
Q

What is an example of a buffer system

A

Carbonic acid - bicarbonate

59
Q

What two systems are constant in body to maintain balance

A

Synthesis and decomposition

60
Q

The forces that are crucial to the folding of large proteins and contribute to surface tension

A

Hydrogen bonds

61
Q

What makes amino acids

A

Proteins

62
Q

What happens when pH is not maintained

A

The breaking of hydrogen bonds and denaturation of proteins

63
Q

Define acid

A

Molecules that donate H+ or accepts OH-

64
Q

Define base

A

Donates OH- or accepts H+

Unit 1 A&P (2 decks)

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