A&P Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The science of structure and relationships among structures of the human body
Define physiology
The science of body functions
What are the 6 levels or organization
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
What level includes atoms and molecules
Chemical
What level is the basic structural and functional units of an organism
Cellular
What are the types of cells in the body
Muscle, nerve, blood
What are some structures of the cell
Organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes
What level groups cells together to perform particular functions
Tissue
What are the 4 types of tissues in the body
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
What level can you identify tissue structures
Organ
What level do related organs have a common function
System
What level is considered the whole human body
Organismal
Define homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable conditions
What two systems control homeostasis
Nervous and endocrine
How does homeostasis change to maintain cellular life
It is dynamic
The nervous system ____ changes
Detects
The endocrine system _____ changes
Corrects
What is a feedback system
Condition that is continually monitored, and evaluated to maintain homeostasis
A disruption to a controlled condition…
Stimulus
What can cause a stimuli
External environment, internal environment, psychological stresses
In most cases, the disruption of homeostasis is ______ and _____
Mild and temporary
What are the three components of a feedback system
Receptor, control center, effector
What are the two types of feedback systems
Positive and negative
What is a negative feedback system
Reverses change in a controlled condition
What is a positive feedback system
Strengthens or reinforces change in a controlled condition
What feedback system is the most common
Negative
What are examples of a positive feedback system
Childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting
Define “run away”
Positive feedback system that has not been stopped and can produce life-threatening changes
Describe anatomical position
Standing erect, facing observer with head level and eyes forward, legs parallel, feet flat directed forward, arms at sides with palms turned forward
Prone
Body lying face down
Supine
Body laying face up
Name the body regions
Head, neck, truck, upper limbs, lower limbs
Towards the head
Superior (cephalic/cranial)
Away from the head
Inferior (caudal)
Front of body
Anterior (ventral)
Back of body
Posterior (dorsal)
Towards midline
Medial
Away from midline
Lateral
Near attachment of limb
Proximal
Away from attachment of limb
Distal
Towards surface
Superficial
Away from surface
Deep
Name four major planes
Sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse, oblique
Vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left sides
Midsagittal
Vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides
Parasagittal
Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Frontal (coronal)
Divides body into inferior and superior sections
Transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal)
Crosses body or limb at angle
Oblique
Name the body cavities
Cranial, thoracic, abdominalpelvic, vertebral
Fluid filled space that surrounds heart
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds lungs and contains fluid
Pleural cavity
Center portion of thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Viscera
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Name the quadrants of abdomen
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
