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MCBG > Basic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Basic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasm?

A

Fatty acid synthesis

Metabolism of carbs, aa’s and nucleotides

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2
Q

What are the functions of the lysosome?

A

Cellular digestion

Detoxification reactions

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3
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus/nucleolus?

A

Ribosome assembly
RNA synthesis
DNA synthesis

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4
Q

Which sorts of molecules can dissolve in water? What is the term given to these molecules?

A

Polar molecules - hydrophilic

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5
Q

Which sorts of molecules do not dissolve in water? What is the term used to describe these molecules?

A

Non-polar molecules - hydrophobic

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6
Q

What does amphipathic mean? Give an example.

A

Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics

Phospholipid

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7
Q

What is the optimum pH of lysosomes?

A

4.5-5

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8
Q

What would you expect to be the result in blood pH at metabolically active tissues?

A

Increased respiration —> increased CO2 —> carbonic acid —> localised fall in blood pH

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9
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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10
Q

What effect can hyperventilation have on blood pH?

A

Increased blood pH. As more CO2 expelled, less carbonic acid formed

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11
Q

What effect can pulmonary obstruction have on blood pH?

A

Lower blood pH, CO2 obstructed from leaving, carbonic acid formed

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12
Q

When viewed using EM, what are the light and dark regions of the DNA called? In which of the two regions are genes expressed?

A 
Light = euchromatin = genes expressed
Dark = heterochromatin = genes not expressed
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13
Q

What is the structure of heterochromatin DNA?

A

It is DNA in the 30nm solenoid fibre from - tightly wrapped

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14
Q

What is the structure of DNA in the euchromatin form?

A

Beads on a string - less tightly packed

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15
Q

What is the theoretical limit of resolution using a EM?

A

0.002nm

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16
Q

What allows the reflection of electrons in SEM?

A

The coating of the specimen in reflective material e.g. gold

17
Q

What 3 parts make up the polar hydrophilic head of a phospholipid molecule? What is the hydrophobic tail composed of?

A

Choline, phosphate, glycerol

Fatty acids

18
Q

How do proteins often become embedded in the plasma membrane?

A

The hydrophobic alpha helical regions of the protein anchor the protein in the membrane

19
Q

What is the glycocalyx? In what cells is it commonly found? How can it be viewed?

A

Cell coat. Made up of polysaccharide/oligosaccharide side chains.

Epithelial cells

Staining with ruthenium red

20
Q

What two places do ribosomes exist in cells? What does each ribosome location produce proteins for?

A

Freely in the cytoplasm - produce intracellular proteins

Associated with RER - produce extracellular proteins

21
Q

What happens to proteins at the Golgi complex?

A

They are modified, sorted, concentrated and packaged

22
Q

Where do proteins enter and leave the Golgi complex?

A

Enter at the cis face (forming face)

Leave/budded off at trans face

23
Q

How do lysosomes maintain their acidic internal environment?

A

H+ ions actively pumped into lysosome using ATP

24
Q

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary lysosome?

A 
Primary = contains powerful digestive enzymes 
Secondary = already fused with pathogen, contains residual remains
25
Q

What adaptation does the lysosome have to prevent powerful enzymes destroying the lysosome?

A

A specialised glycocalyx on the inside of the lysosome Membrane

26
Q

What are peroxisomes and their functions?

A

Small, spherical membrane bound structures

Involved in detoxification reactions
Oxidise toxic compounds

27
Q

Where are peroxisomes found in abundance?

A

Liver/Kidneys (many detoxification reactions taking place)

28
Q

What enzyme does a peroxisomes contain a lot of? For what?

A

Catalase, to break down hydrogen peroxide

29
Q

What are the folds seen in mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

30
Q

What is the difference in permeability seen between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes?

A

Outer is relatively permeable.

Inner is impermeable to small ions.

31
Q

What structure of the cytoskeleton gives microvilli their shape? What is the typical diameter of these structures?

A

Actin Filaments

5-9nm

32
Q

What is an example of a protein that forms intermediate filaments? What is the rough diameter of these filaments? In which sorts of cells are they commonly seen?

A

Keratin
10nm
Epithelial cells

33
Q

What protein are microtubules made of? What is the rough diameter of a microtubule? What are they used for?

A

Hollow tubes of tubulin
25mm
Help in movement - found in cilia/flagella

34
Q

What arrangement do microtubules in cilia/flagella usually take?

A

9 + 2 arrangement, 9 around the outside, 2 in the centre

MCBG (15 decks)

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