Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Clinical Pathology > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of a CBC?

A

PCV/TP and Plasma Color

Analyzer

Blood smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PCV measures the % of what?

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What RBC changes might influence the PCV?

A

Anemia

Dehydration

Iron deficiency - smaller RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When evaluating the plasma color in a PCV, what does a pink or red tinged plasma indicate?

A

Hemolysis

*hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does yellow plasma indicate in small animals?

A

Icterus

*bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does yellow plasma indicate in large animals?

A

NOTHING

Large animals usually have yellow plasma due to carotene pigments in the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is protein concentration an estimate?

A

It assumes other solutes in the serum are present in normal concentrations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What solutes will artificially increase protein concentration values?

A 
CHUGL
Cholesterol
Hemoglobin
Urea
Glucose
Lipemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which scale on the refractometer is used to measure TPP?

A

The 1-15 scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can we use to evaluate morphological abnormalities of cells in the blood, and determine the differential cell count?

A

Blood smear/film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood films are stained with:

A

Modified Wright Stains in-clinic “Diff-Quick”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At what region of the blood film should you look for platelet clumps and organisms such as microfilaria?

A

Feathered edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What region of the blood film is used to estimate the RBC and WBC count and with what power lens?

A

Monolayer with 10x lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can be determined by viewing the monolayer of the blood film with the oil lens?

A

Evaluation of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, and differential cell counts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: Blood cells can be evaluated in either the monolayer or in the body of the blood film.

A

FALSE

Cells should not be evaluated in the body of the film. RBCs are often in rouleaux and WBCs are condensed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F: Total Nucleated Cell Concentration is the best way to interpret percentages of each WBC in the blood.

A

FALSE

The analyzer only detects the concentration of nucleated cells present, including nucleated RBCs. TNCC is mainly used to calculate the concentration of specific leukocytes after a differential cell count is performed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Differential Cell Count measures percentages of what cell types?

A

BLEMS

Bands
Lymphs
Eos
Monos
Segs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Multiplying the percentage of each individual leukocyte type by the total nucleated cell count will give what value?

A

Absolute Cell Count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which 2 analyses are needed to determine the absolute cell count?

A

Differential Cell Count (percent of a certain cell) x Total Nucleated Cell Count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

200 leukocytes are counted.

120 are neutrophils, 40 are eosinophils, 20 are monocytes, and 20 are lymphocytes.

TNCC is 10,000 cells/uL

Calculate the Absolute Cell Count for each type of cell.

A

Neut: 120/200 = 60% 0.60 x 10000 = 6,000 cells

Eos: 40/200 = 20% 0.20 x 10000 = 2,000 cells

Mono/Lymph: 20/200 = 10% 0.10 x 10000 = 1000 cells

21
Q

RBC, HGB, and HCT measure what?

A

Number of erythrocytes

22
Q

MCV, RDW, and RBC histogram measure what?

A

Size of erythrocytes

23
Q

What values give the amount of hemoglobin in a sample?

A

MCH and MCHC

24
Q

Erythrocyte concentration (RBC) is the number of RBCs in what fixed volumes of blood?

A

x10^6/uL

x10^9/L

25
Q

HGB is measured by spectrophotometry and gives the grams of _______ per unit volume. (g/dL)

A

Hemoglobin

26
Q

What is the formula for calculating the HCT?

A

RBC x MCV / 10

27
Q

HCT and PCV should be within ___ of each other.

A

3%

28
Q

The average volume of RBC in a sample is the ____, and is measured with erythrocyte concentration.

A

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

29
Q

A wider RBC curve, or higher Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), indicates more RBC size variation, also known as ________.

A

Anisocytosis

30
Q

What does the discriminator line on an erythrocyte histogram denote?

A

Separation between platelets and smallest RBCs that will start the curve.

31
Q

The mean cell volume can be found at which point on the graph?

A

Peak

32
Q

When looking at an erythrocyte histogram, a shift to the left indicates what about the size of the RBCs?
What can be a potential cause for this?

A

Decreased MCV (microcytosis)

Can be caused by iron deficiency anemia

33
Q

When looking at an erythrocyte histogram, a shift to the right indicates what about the erythrocytes?
What can be a potential cause for this?

A

Increased MCV (macrocytosis)

Can be caused by regenerative response (immature RBCs are larger)

34
Q

What is the difference between MCH and MCHC?

A

MCH is just a calculation of the average amount of hemoglobin per RBC

MCHC is a calculation of the average density of hemoglobin per RBC

35
Q

What is the formula to calculate MCHC?

A

HGB / HCT x 100

36
Q

T/F: The term hypochromia refers to a low MCHC, indicating lower than normal hemoglobin concentration per RBC.

A

TRUE

37
Q

What can cause hypochromia?

A

Regenerative anemia (immature RBCs won’t have full amount of Hg)

SEVERE iron deficiency

38
Q

For regenerative anemia to produce a low MCHC, what percent of the RBCs have to be immature?

A

over 20%

39
Q

What is the difference between hypochromia and hypochromasia?

A

Hypochromia is a calculated value indicating low HGB.

Hypochromasia is a descriptive term for blood films to describe RBCs that look to have decreased HGB concentration. These cells will have a trace amount of hemoglobin around their edges. Hypochromasia indicates severe iron deficiency and doesn’t always show up as decreased HGB on MCHC.

40
Q

T/F: The term hyperchromia refers to a higher than normal MCHC value and indicates a serious disease process.

A

FALSE: high MCHC is an artifact.

41
Q

What are some causes of a high MCHC?

  • (HGB / HCT x 100)
A

Erroneously high HGB: Intravascular hemolysis

Increased turbidity: Lipemia, Heinz bodies

Falsely decreased HCT: Agglutination

42
Q

You stain a blood film with New Methylene Blue and see some cells that are lavender, and a bit larger than all the other RBCs. What are these cells?

A

Reticulocytes - immature RBCs

Polychromatophils on blood film because they take up some of the blue stain.

43
Q

What type of reticulocytes are included in the retic count for cats and are polychromatophilic on blood films?

A

Aggregate: contain organelles and are notably larger

44
Q

Which type of reticulocyte is a better indicator of an acute response in cats?

A

Aggregate because they will turn into punctate retics within 12 hours.

Punctate retics take about 12 days to mature into RBCs, so they are not good indicators of acute response.

45
Q

A blood film on a dog shows 60,000 retics/uL. Does this indicate a regenerative response?

A

No

46
Q

What is the upper limit of normal retics/uL for a cat?

A

40,000

47
Q

What is the upper limit of retics/uL in a normal blood sample from a cow?

A

0

Any reticulocytes in a cow sample indicate a regenerative response

48
Q

What is the upper limit of retics/uL in a normal blood sample from a horse?

A

Horses don’t release reticulocytes into the blood. To confirm a regenerative response, a bone marrow tap is necessary.

49
Q

What do the following reticulocyte values indicate:

0-10,000/uL
10,000-60,000/uL
60,000-200,000/uL
>200,000/uL

A

0-10,000 = non regenerative anemia

10,000-60,000 = poorly regenerative anemia

60,000-200,000 = mild/moderate regeneration

> 200,000 = maximal regeneration

RUSVM Clinical Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions