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MCM Exam 2 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Protein-rich fluid - plasma

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2
Q

What is hematocrit?

What are the %s for males and females?

A

The volume of RBCs in a sample of blood

39-50% male

35-45% female

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3
Q

What percentage do leukocytes and platelets make up in the blood?

A

1%

Consists of a buffy white coat when in the centrifuge

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4
Q

What does blood plasma consist of?

A

>90% H2O

Also a solvent for proteins, regulatory substances, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, and waste

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5
Q

Where is the interstitial fluid found and what is it derived from?

A

The fluid is found around the tissue cells and comes from blood plasma.

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

Blood without the clotting factors.

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7
Q

Main protein constituent of blood (~50%), made in liver

A

Albumin

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8
Q

What is the function of Albumin?

A

Exerts a concentration gradient between blood and EC tissue fluid.

Source of colloid osmotic pressure

Carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbiturates

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9
Q

Largest component of glubulins, functional immune system molecules

A

Immonoglubulins (y-globulins)

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10
Q

Maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system & serve as carrier proteins

A

a-glubulins and b-glubulins (Non-immune globulins)

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11
Q

Fibronectin, lipoproteins, & coagulation factors are all what?

A

Non-immune globulins

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12
Q

Largest plasma protein (340 kDa), is made in the liver

A

Fibrinogen

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13
Q

Insoluble form of fibrinogen

A

Fibrin (323kDA)

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14
Q

How can fibrinogen be dangerous to humans?

A

Fibrinogen chains may form from polymerized monomers.

These can become cross-linked, forming impermeable nets that stop blood flow.

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15
Q

What are formed elements?

A

They are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Formed in bone marrow.

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16
Q

How long do red blood cells live?

What % is removed each day?

Where are they phagocytosed?

A

120 days

1%

Spleen, bone marrow, liver

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17
Q

These are immature RBCs released from bone marrow.

What do the indicate?

A

Reticulocytes

Still have organelles

Mature into erythrocytes in 24-48 hours

May indicate underlying illness.

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18
Q

This protein attaches unlying cytoskeletal protein network to cell membrane.

A

Glycophorin C - integral protein

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19
Q

This binds hemoglobin & acts as an anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins (most abundant)

A

Band 3 protein - Integral membrane proteins

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20
Q

What is glycosylated on the extracellular portion of integral membrane proteins in the erythrocyte?

A

ABO antigen

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21
Q

Purpose of peripheral membrane network in erythrocytes.

A

“Laminate” inner layer of membrane

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22
Q

What is the inner lattice of erythrocytes composed of?

A

α-spectrin & β- spectrin molecules

Heterodimer that forms long, flexible tetramers

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23
Q

What protein complex interacts with glycophorin C?

A

Band 4.1 protein complex

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24
Q

What protein complex interacts with Band 3?
What does this complex consist of?

A

Ankyrin protein complex

Ankyrin & Band 4.2 protein

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25
Q

What causes most anemias?

A

Hemorrhage, insufficient production

or

Hemolytic anemia, accelerated destruction

26
Q

What dietary problems can cause anemia?

A

Insufficient dietary Fe, vitamin B12, or folic acid can lead to decreased RBC production

27
Q

This is an autosomal dominant mutation that affects the ankyrin complex.

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

Defective anchor points, causing membrane to detach & peel off → spherical erythrocytes

28
Q

Autosomal dominant mutation the defects spectrin to spectrum lateral bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions.

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis

Membrane fails to rebound & progressively elongates → elliptical erythrocytes

29
Q

What can cause jaundice in relation to blood?

A

Destruction of circulating erythrocytes

  • Inherited RBC defects
  • Pathogenic animals and toxins

Jaundice is common in newborn infants because of inefficiency of newborn liver.

30
Q

Cause of sickle cell anemia

A

Single-point mutation β-globin chain of hemoglobin A (HbA)

  • Sickle hemoglobin (HbS)
  • Glutamic acid → Valine
31
Q

What percentages of HbS molecules respective to genotypes?

A

85% in homozygotes

<40% in heterozygotes

32
Q

What is the danger of sickled RBCs?

A

Blood is more viscous and RBCs are more fragile

Breakdown is about 20 days

Pile up in smallest capillaries, large vessel obstruction may occur

33
Q

Two general groups of leukocytes, what are they and what is this based on?

A

Two general groups based on presence or absence of prominent granules

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

34
Q

What cells make up each of the leukocyte groups?

A

Granulocytes give me all the ‘feels’ → neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes → lymphocytes, monocytes

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

35
Q

What are these?

A

Neutrophils

Have a multi-lobed nucleus, are polymorphonuclear, or known as polymorphs

General lack of cytoplasmic staining

36
Q

What do neutrophils function in?

A

Acute inflammation & tissue injury

Secrete enzymes, ingest damaged tissue, kill invading microorganisms

Bind to adhesion molecules that interact with ligands on endothelial cells —> further directed by chemotaxis

37
Q

Granules that have lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO).

A

Azurophilic granules (primary granules)

38
Q

Granules that have various enzymes, complement activators, & antimicrobial peptides.

A

Specific granules (secondary granules)

39
Q

Granules that have Phosphatases
Metalloproteinases - facilitate migration of through CT

A

Tertiary granules (two types)

40
Q

Functions of Eosinophils?

A

Release arylsulfatase & histaminase

Phagocytose antigen–Ab complexes

May mediate chronic inflammation (i.e.,lung​ tissues in asthmatics)

41
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Increase counts of Eosinophils with allergies and/or parasitic infections

42
Q

Least numerous cell type in blood.

A

Basophils (<0.5%)

43
Q

What is this?

A

Basophil

Lobbed nucleus obscured by granules

44
Q

Function of Basophils?

A

Functionally related to mast cells (connective tissue)

Bind an antigen-IgE antibody complex (plasma cells) triggers activation

Release of vasoactive agents from granules

Release histamine

45
Q

What disturbances can Basophils cause?

A

Severe vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions & anaphylaxis

46
Q

What are these?

A

Lymphocytes

Vary 6uM-30uM

Intensely staining, spherical nucleus w/ thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm

Size-dependent

47
Q

Undergo differentiation in the thymus; long lifespan & are involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

48
Q

Form & differentiate in bone marrow; transform into plasma cells → antibodies

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

49
Q

Programmed to kill virus-infected and/or tumor cells

A

NK cells

50
Q

What is this?

A

Monocytes

Largest of the WBCs (~18 μm)

Indented, heart-shaped nucleus

Contain small, azurophilic granules

51
Q

Where and what do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Mononuclear phagocytotic system

Osteoclasts, Kupffer cells (liver)

Macrophages of connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, & bone marrow

52
Q

How do monocytes induce inflammation?

A

Monocyte leaves vasculature → macrophage → phagocytosis

53
Q

What are these?

A

Thrombocytes

Small, membrane-bound, cytoplasmic fragments

54
Q

How are thrombocytes formed?

A

Derived from megakaryocyte: large polyploid cells in bone marrow

Small bits of cytoplasm are broken off of the cell

Platelets circulate as discoid structures w/ a life span of ~10 days

55
Q

Platelets release what?

What is the function of these chemicals?

A

Serotonin: potent vasoconstrictor → smooth muscle contraction → reduces blood flow at injury

ADP & thromboxane A2: increase aggregation of platelets to form primary hemostatic plug

56
Q

What does the secondary hemostatic plug consist of?

A

Fibrin, forms a mesh to entrap more platelets during wound healing.

57
Q

What is the advantage of the biconcave structure of erythrocytes?

A

Allows them to move through tight cappilaries, lack of organelles allows them to be full of hemoglubin and allow oxygen to bind.

58
Q

What is it called when erythrocytes line up on themselves?

A

A Rouleaux

59
Q

Why can erythrocytes be used as a histological ruler?

A

Typically aways 7 to 8 microns in length.

60
Q

What is this?

A

Bands - immature neutrophils with banded nucleus

61
Q

What is this?

A

Eosinophil

MCM Exam 2 (14 decks)

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