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PTA 120 - KIN > Basic Biomechanics ch.2 > Flashcards

Basic Biomechanics ch.2 Flashcards

1
Q

function of the musculoskeletal system is described by a branch of physics termed ?

A

mechanics

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2
Q

structure

A

anatomy

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3
Q

function

A

physiology

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4
Q

mechanics

A

study of forces & the effect of application of forces on stability & motion of the body

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5
Q

2 main areas of dynamics

A

static
dynamic

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6
Q

factors associated w/ non-moving systems

tasks; sitting, laying down

A

static

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7
Q

2 factors associated w/ moving systems: kinetics & kinematics

ex; walking, rolling in bed

A

dynamics

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8
Q

forces producing stabilization or movement in a system

A

kinetics

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9
Q

motion created by forces & incorporates time, space, and mass

ex: running & walking

A

kinematics

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10
Q

kinematics is divided into 2 types

A

osteokinematics
arthrokinematics

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11
Q

quantity describing only magnitude

speed (M/H), length, area, vol, & mass

A

scalar

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12
Q

the amount/aggregate of matter in an object
(human body)

A

mass

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13
Q

magnitude & direction. common measures force, velocity, and acceleration

A

vector

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14
Q

indication of amount of measurement

A

magnitude

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15
Q

the direction in which the magnitude is applied
(flexion/extension)

A

direction

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16
Q

amount & direction of push/pull applied to objects or body segments

A

force

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17
Q

push creates?

A

compression

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18
Q

pull creates?

A

traction (pulling apart)

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19
Q

2 types of forces?

A

internal
external

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20
Q

mutual attraction bt. earth & an object?

A

gravity

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20
Q

external forces include?

A

gravity
external pressure (weights or friction)

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21
Q

internal forces include?

A

muscle contraction
ligamentous restrained
& bony support

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22
Q

the force exerted on an object/person as a result of gravity

A

gravitational force

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23
Q

result of gravitational force & mass of an object always pushing down

A

weight

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24
Q

the upwards force supporting surface exerts on an object (person) when a person pushes down on it

A

ground reaction

  • no ground reaction = fall into eternity
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25
Q

force bt. 2 surfaces that increase resistance to motion of 1 surface across another

increased by compression (rubbing)

decreased by traction

A

friction

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26
Q

types of different configurations of force

A

linear - 2+ forces act along the same line

parallel - same plane & in the same/opposite direction

concurrent - push/pull in different directions - goes diagonally

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27
Q

occurs when 2 or + forces act in different directions, producing a rotation.
ex: scapula

A

force couple

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28
Q

sum of the magnitudes & directions of each individual force vector

ex: deltoid muscles

A

resultant force

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29
Q

5 mechanical effects of force application to body

A

traction
compression
shear
bending
rotation (twisting)

30
Q

joint surfaces pull apart

A

traction

why? reduce compression to decrease pain. too much = dislocation

31
Q

joint surfaces push closer together?

ex: running, squats, jumping

A

compression

why? stability and strength. too much = cartilage problems & compression fx

32
Q

gliding motion of joint surfaces parallel to 1 another

ex: knee extension

A

shear

Why? reduce pain alleviate movement. too much = tissue strain/rupture

33
Q

2 opposing forces twisting within an object in opposite directions

ex: ACL injuries

A

torsion

excessive torsional forces = ligament tear or spiral fx of bone.

34
Q

force is not applied at the central axis. causes compression to one side and traction to the opposite side

ex: spinal trunk bending/flexion

A

bending

35
Q

tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis

A

torque

36
Q

is muscle more efficient at 90 degrees for creating rotary motion?

A

yes! it is less efficient if jt angle is near the beginning or end of the jt’s ROM

36
Q

the perpendicular distance bt. the line of application of force & the axis of motion

A

moment arm

36
Q

newtons 1st law
object stays at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force

A

law of inertia

37
Q

amount of torque generated depends on

A

amount of force applied
distance from axis that force is applied

ex; pt seated, my hand @ the ankle vs knee as resistance

38
Q

what is the angle at which force is applied ?

A

the angle of application of force

-force can be applied perpendicular = torque or at an angle to the limb

39
Q

lower extremity in swinging phase of gait

force required to start: hip flexors

force required to stop leg: hamstrings

A

newtons 1st law, law of inertia

40
Q

newtons 2nd law: acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to the object

A

law of acceleration

41
Q

adding ankle weights for a greater muscle force needed to start & stop a leg swing

A

newtons 2nd law, law of acceleration

42
Q

acceleration is inversely proportional to the ___ of an object and directly proportional to the amount of ___

A

mass, force

43
Q

trampoline, the harder you jump the higher you rebound

A

newtons 3rd law, law of action-reaction

43
Q

newtons 3rd law: force applied creates an equal & opposite reaction

A

law of action-reaction

44
Q

sum of the mass of all body segments is located

A

Center of mass (COM)

44
Q

when the sum of all forces acting on an object = 0

A

equilibrium
- no motion occurs
- also dependent on COM, COG, & BOS of the object

45
Q

the area encompassed by the body’s contact w the supporting surface

A

Bas of supports (BOS)

45
Q

point at which gravity acts on the COM

slightly anterior to S2

A

Center of gravity (COG)

46
Q

imaginary vertical line passing though the COG to the center of the earth

A

Line of gravity (LOG)

47
Q

types of motion

A

linear motions (translatory)
curvilinear motion
angular motion (rotary)

48
Q

all parts of an object move the same distance at the same time

ex: kid sledding down a hill

A

linear motion

49
Q

motion occurring in a curved path, not circular

ex: skier takes curved path coming down a slope

A

curvilinear motion

50
Q

movement of an object around a fixed point (axis)

ex: knee joint for flex/extension

A

angular motion

51
Q

types of simple machines

A

levers
pully
inclined planes

52
Q

axes

A

joint

53
Q

levers

A

bone

54
Q

force

A

muscle & weights

55
Q

rigid “plank” rotating about a fulcrum with application of force

A

lever

56
Q

what class lever is the skull on the 1st vertebrae?

A

1st class

force = ant/post muscle
axes = skull and vertebrae
resistance = weight of head

57
Q

what class lever is a person rising on their tippytoes?

A

2nd class lever favor force

axis = metatarsophalangeal (MTP) foot
resistance = body weight pushing down
force = plantar flexor muscles

58
Q

what class lever is the biceps brachii muscle flexing the elbow ?

A

3rd class lever

axis = elbow jt
force = biceps brachii muscle
resistance = weight of arm/forearm

59
Q

whats the most common lever in the body?

A

3rd class level - favor distance

60
Q

force is gravity

A

2nd lever

61
Q

what lever results in resistance is gravity, force is a muscle

A

3rd

62
Q

a grooved wheel that turns about an axis w a rope/cable tie ridding in the groove provides attachment for an applied force & a load

A

pulley - used to change the direction of a force or change the magnitude

the “wheel” is the bone
“rope” is tendon or muscles

63
Q

2 types of pulley’s?

A

fixed pully
moveable pully

64
Q

a single pulley attached to a fixed point, creating a 1st class lever configuration

A

fixed pully

ex: lateral malleolus & fibularis longus or patella w the quad

or overhead and wall pulley in clinical setting

65
Q

T/F: there is no moveable pully in the human body

A

TRUE

66
Q

combines a fixed pully to change direction & a moving pulley to change magnitude of force applied to lift a load

A

movable pully

67
Q

inclined ramp?

A

a flat surface that slants from one level to another

68
Q

federal requirement for slope of wheelchair ramp?

A

1inch rise & 1foot run

PTA 120 - KIN (3 decks)

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