Basic Bio-pharmaceutics

Question 1

Site of Action

Answer 1

The location where an administered drug produces an effect

Question 2

Receptor

Answer 2

The cellular material located at the site of action that interacts with the drug (the lock or outlet)

Question 3

Agonist

Answer 3

Drugs that activate receptors to accelerate or slow normal cellular function (the key or plug)

Question 4

Antagonist

Answer 4

Drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them. They block receptor action by preventing other drugs or substances from activating them.

Question 5

Selective (action)

Answer 5

The characteristic of a drug that makes it’s action specific to certain receptors and tissues.

Question 6

MEC (Minimum effective concentration)

Answer 6

Where there is enough drug at the site of action to produce a response

Question 7

MTC (Minimum toxic concentration)

Answer 7

An upper blood concentration beyond which there are undesired or toxic effects

Question 8

Therapeutic Window

Answer 8

The range between MEC and MTC. When concentrations are in this range, most patients receive the maximum benefit from their drug therapy with a minimum of risk.

Question 9

ADME

Answer 9

Blood concentrations are the result of four simultaneously acting processes: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.

Question 10

Disposition

Answer 10

Another term for ADME

Question 11

Elimination

Answer 11

Metabolism and excretion combined.

Question 12

Half-life

Answer 12

The amount of time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to decline to one-half of an initial value.

Question 13

Passive diffusion

Answer 13

How drugs move through biological membranes. Most drugs penetrate biological membranes by passive diffusion.

Question 14

Hydrophobic drugs

Answer 14

Lipid (fat) soluble drugs that penetrate the lipoidal (fat-like) cell membrane are better than hydrophilic drugs.

Question 15

Hydrophilic drugs

Answer 15

Drugs that are attracted to water.

Question 16

Lipoidal

Answer 16

Fat-like or lipid loving.

Question 17

Absorption

Answer 17

The drug transfer into the blood from an administered drug product is called absorption.

Question 18

Gastric Emptying Time

Answer 18

The time a drug stays in the stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine.

Question 19

Distribution

Answer 19

The movement of a drug within the body once the drug has reached the blood.

Question 20

Protein Binding

Answer 20

many drugs bind to proteins in blood plasma to form a complex that is too large to penetrate cell openings. So the drug remains inactive.

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

The body’s process of transforming drugs. The primary site of drug metabolism in the body is the liver. Enzymes produced by the liver interact with drugs and transform them into metabolites.

Question 22

Enzyme

Answer 22

A complex protein that causes chemical reactions in other substances.

Question 23

Metabolite

Answer 23

The transformed drug. (Refer to metabolism)

Question 24

Enzyme Induction

Answer 24

The increase in enzyme activity results in greater metabolism of drugs.

Question 25

Enzyme Inhibition

Answer 25

The decrease in enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs

Question 26

First-Pass Metabolism

Answer 26

When a drug is substantially degraded or destroyed by the liver's enzymes before it reaches the circulatory system, an important factor is orally administered drugs.

Question 27

Enterohaptic cycling

Answer 27

The transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gallbladder and then into the intestine.

Question 28

Excretion

Answer 28

The process of excreting drugs and metabolites, is primarily performed by the kidney through the urine.

Question 29

Glomerular Filtration

Answer 29

As plasma water moves through the nephron, waste substances (drugs and metabolites) are secreted into the fluid, with urine as the end result. The blood filtering process of the nephron.

Question 30

Bioavailability

Answer 30

The amount of a drug that is delivered to the site of action and the rate at which it is available isc called the bioavailability of the drug.

Question 31

Bioequivalency

Answer 31

The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms.

Question 32

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

Answer 32

Drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients in the same dosage form. May contain differing inactive ingredients.

Question 33

Pharmaceutical Alternatives

Answer 33

Drug products that contain the identical active ingredients, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form.

Question 34

Therapeutic Equivalent

Answer 34

Pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients.

Question 35

Duration of Action

Answer 35

The time drug concentration is above the MEC

Question 36

Onset of Action

Answer 36

The time MEC is reached and the response occurs

Question 37

Active Transport

Answer 37

In the movement of drugs from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration; cellular energy is required.

Question 38

Nephron

Answer 38

The functional unit of the kidneys

Question 39

Absolute bioavailability

Answer 39

The bioavailability of a drug product compared to the same drug in a rapidly administered IV solution

Question 40

Relative bioavailability

Answer 40

The bioavailability of a drug product compared to the same drug in any other dosage form than a rapidly administered IV solution.

Question 41

AUC

Answer 41

Area under curve