Basic Bio-pharmaceutics Flashcards
Site of Action
The location where an administered drug produces an effect
Receptor
The cellular material located at the site of action that interacts with the drug (the lock or outlet)
Agonist
Drugs that activate receptors to accelerate or slow normal cellular function (the key or plug)
Antagonist
Drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them. They block receptor action by preventing other drugs or substances from activating them.
Selective (action)
The characteristic of a drug that makes it’s action specific to certain receptors and tissues.
MEC (Minimum effective concentration)
Where there is enough drug at the site of action to produce a response
MTC (Minimum toxic concentration)
An upper blood concentration beyond which there are undesired or toxic effects
Therapeutic Window
The range between MEC and MTC. When concentrations are in this range, most patients receive the maximum benefit from their drug therapy with a minimum of risk.
ADME
Blood concentrations are the result of four simultaneously acting processes: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion.
Disposition
Another term for ADME
Elimination
Metabolism and excretion combined.
Half-life
The amount of time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to decline to one-half of an initial value.
Passive diffusion
How drugs move through biological membranes. Most drugs penetrate biological membranes by passive diffusion.
Hydrophobic drugs
Lipid (fat) soluble drugs that penetrate the lipoidal (fat-like) cell membrane are better than hydrophilic drugs.
Hydrophilic drugs
Drugs that are attracted to water.
Lipoidal
Fat-like or lipid loving.
Absorption
The drug transfer into the blood from an administered drug product is called absorption.
Gastric Emptying Time
The time a drug stays in the stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine.
Distribution
The movement of a drug within the body once the drug has reached the blood.
Protein Binding
many drugs bind to proteins in blood plasma to form a complex that is too large to penetrate cell openings. So the drug remains inactive.
Metabolism
The body’s process of transforming drugs. The primary site of drug metabolism in the body is the liver. Enzymes produced by the liver interact with drugs and transform them into metabolites.
Enzyme
A complex protein that causes chemical reactions in other substances.
Metabolite
The transformed drug. (Refer to metabolism)
Enzyme Induction
The increase in enzyme activity results in greater metabolism of drugs.
Enzyme Inhibition
The decrease in enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs
First-Pass Metabolism
When a drug is substantially degraded or destroyed by the liver’s enzymes before it reaches the circulatory system, an important factor is orally administered drugs.
Enterohaptic cycling
The transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gallbladder and then into the intestine.
Excretion
The process of excreting drugs and metabolites, is primarily performed by the kidney through the urine.
Glomerular Filtration
As plasma water moves through the nephron, waste substances (drugs and metabolites) are secreted into the fluid, with urine as the end result. The blood filtering process of the nephron.
Bioavailability
The amount of a drug that is delivered to the site of action and the rate at which it is available isc called the bioavailability of the drug.
Bioequivalency
The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms.
Pharmaceutical Equivalents
Drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients in the same dosage form. May contain differing inactive ingredients.
Pharmaceutical Alternatives
Drug products that contain the identical active ingredients, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form.
Therapeutic Equivalent
Pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients.
Duration of Action
The time drug concentration is above the MEC
Onset of Action
The time MEC is reached and the response occurs
Active Transport
In the movement of drugs from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration; cellular energy is required.
Nephron
The functional unit of the kidneys
Absolute bioavailability
The bioavailability of a drug product compared to the same drug in a rapidly administered IV solution
Relative bioavailability
The bioavailability of a drug product compared to the same drug in any other dosage form than a rapidly administered IV solution.
AUC
Area under curve
