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USMLE Microbiology > Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What bacteria do not gram stain well?

A

These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Colour

  • Treponema, Lieptospira (too thin)
  • Mycobacteria (high lipid content)
  • Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma (no cell wall)
  • Legionella, Ricketsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma Ehrlichia (intracellular, also Chlamydia have less muramic acid in peptidoglycan cell wall)
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2
Q

What bacteria can be visualised through a Giemsa stain?

A

Clumsy Rick Tripped on a Borrowed Helicopter Plastered in Gems

  • Chlamydia
  • Ricketsia
  • Trypanosomes
  • Borrelia
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Plasmodium
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3
Q

What does Periodic-acid-Schiff visualise?

A 
Tropheryma Whipplei (Whipple's disease)
- Glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
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4
Q

What does Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin) stain visualise?

A
  • Acid-fast bacteria
  • Mycobacteria, Nocardia (stains mycolic acid in cell wall)
  • Protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocyts)
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5
Q

What cna be used instead of Ziehl-Neelsen stain for screening?

A

Auramine-rhodamine stain

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6
Q

What stains are used to visualise Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A
  • India ink

- Mucicarmine can also be used tostain the polysaccharide capsule red

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7
Q

What can Silver stain visualise?

A
  • Fungi (coccidioides, pneumocytis jirovecii)
  • Legionella
  • Helicobacter pylori
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8
Q

What is an example of a fluorescent antibody stain which can visualise a certain bacteria (and/or virus)?

A

FTA/ABS for syphilis

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9
Q

What can lipoteichoic acid induce?

A
  • TNF-alpha

- IL-1

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10
Q

Give an example of a selective and indicator (differential) media?

A
  • Selective = Thayer-Martin agar for Neisseria

- Indicator = MacConkey for E.coli (turns pink)

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11
Q

What agar is used to grow H influenzae?

A

Chocolate agar

  • Contains factor V (NAD+) and
  • Factor X (hematin)
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12
Q

What does Thayer-Martin agar contain?

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Colistin
  • Trimethoprim
  • Nystatin
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13
Q

What agar/mediums may grow Bordetella pertusis?

A
  • Bordet-Gengou agar (potato extract)

- Regan-Lowe medium (chorcoal, blood, antibiotic)

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14
Q

What may grow C diptheriae?

A
  • Tellurite agar

- Loffler medium

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15
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is grown on what agar?

A

Eaton agar (requires cholesterol)

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16
Q

What is E coli grown on?

A

Eosin-methylene Blue (EMB)

- Colonies with green metallic sheen

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17
Q

How do lactose producing bugs create a pink colour on MacConkey agar?

A

Fermentation produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink

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18
Q

What bugs are grown on Charcoal yeast extract buffered with cysteine and iron?

A
  • Brucella
  • Francisella
  • Legionella
  • Pasteurella
    The Ella siblings, Bruce, Francis, a legionairre and a pator (pasteurella) built the Sistine (cysteine) chapel out of charcoal and iron
19
Q

What agar can fungi be grown on?

A

Subouraund agar

20
Q

After immunocompromise or TNF-alpha inhibitor use where can M tuberculosis appear?

A

Apices of the lungs

21
Q

What are examples of anaerobes?

A
  • Clostridium
  • Bacteroides
  • Fusobacterium
  • Actinomyces israelii
    Cant Breathe Fresh Air
22
Q

What do anaerobes generally lack?

A

Catalase and/or superoxide dismutase

- Susceptible to oxidative damage

23
Q

What type of antibiotics are ineffective against anaerobes?

A

Aminoglycosides as they require O2 to enter into the bacterial cell

24
Q

What are examples of some faculative anaerobes?

A
  • Streptococci
  • Staphylococci
  • Enteric gram negatives
25
Q

What are examples of obligate intracellular bacteria?

A
  • Rickettsia
  • Chlamydia
  • Coxiella
26
Q

What are examples of faculative intracellular bacteria?

A
  • Salmonella
  • Neisseria
  • Brucella
  • Mycobacterium
  • Listeria
  • Francisella
  • Legionella
  • Yersinia pestis
27
Q

What are examples of encapsulated bacteria?

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Group B Strep
    Please SHiNE my SKiS
28
Q

What do asplenics require vaccinations against?

A
  • N meningitidis
  • S pneumoniae
  • H influenzae
29
Q

What do encapsulated organsims’ vaccines have to promote T cell activation?

A

Vaccines containing polysaccharide capsule antigens are conjugated to a carrier protein, enhancing immunogenicity by promoting T cell activation and subsequent class switching.

30
Q

What are the Urease-positive organisms?

A

Pee CHUNKSS

  • Proteus
  • Cryptococcus
  • H pylori
  • Ureaplasma
  • Nocardia
  • Klebsiella
  • S epidermidis
  • S saprophyticus
31
Q

What is the action of urease?

A

Urease hydrolyzes urea to release ammonia and CO2, increases pH

32
Q

What stones do urease-positive organisms create?

A

Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) stones, particularly proteus

33
Q

What does catalase do?

A

Degrades H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into H2O and bubbles of O2

34
Q

People with what disease are susceptible to catalase positive organisms?

A

Chronic Granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase deficiency)

35
Q

What are examples of catalase positive organisms?

A
  • Nocardia
  • Staphylococci
  • Serratia
  • Candida
  • Listeria
  • E coli
  • Burkholderia cepacia
  • Pseudomonas
  • Aspergillus
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Bordetella pertusis
36
Q

What are the pigment-producing bacteria?

A
  • Actinomyces israelii = Yellow
  • S aureua = Gold
  • P aeruginosa = Green/blue
  • Serratia marcescens = red
37
Q

What organism affects people with catheters and other prosthetic devices?

A

S epidermidis

38
Q

What organism comes through dental plaques and may cause infective endocarditis?

A
  • Viridans streptococci (S mutans, S sanguinis)
39
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa may cause what?

A
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • Pneumonia in patients with CF
  • Contact lens associated keratitis
40
Q

What bacteria may cause Otitis media?

A

Nontypeable (unencapsulated) H influenzae

41
Q

What spore forming bacteria cause gas gangrene?

A

C perfingens

42
Q

What gram of bacteria cannot produce spores?

A

Gram negative

43
Q

What are examples of spore-producing bacteria?

A
  • B antracis (anthrax)
  • B cereus (food poisoning)
  • C botulinum (botulism)
  • C difficile (pseudomembranous colitis)
  • C perfingens (gas gangrene)
  • C tetani (tetanus)

USMLE Microbiology (6 decks)

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