Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards
What are Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
What is a Golgi tendon organ
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
What are Type I muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.
Type II muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.
Blood flow through the heart
Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body and sends it to the right ventricle.
Right ventricle: receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and sends it to the lungs.
Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle.
Left ventricle: receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and sends it to the body.
What is Cardiac output
The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume).
Stages of hypertension
Normal
Systolic <120 and diastolic <80
Elevated
Systolic 120–129 and diastolic <80
Stage 1
Systolic 130–139 or diastolic 80–89
Stage 2
Systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90
Hypertensive crisis
Systolic >180 and/or diastolic >120
Anatomic locations
Medial
Relatively closer to the midline of the body
Lateral
Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
Anterior
Positoned on or toward the front of the body
Posterior
Positoned on or toward the back of the body
Proximal
Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point
Inferior
Positioned below an identified reference point
Superior
Positioned above an identified reference point
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isometric
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
Isokinetic
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
What are Agonists
The primary muscles providing force for a movement. Examples include:
The gluteus maximus is the agonist for hip extension (i.e., squats).
The anterior deltoid is the agonist for shoulder flexion (i.e., shoulder presses).
The biceps brachii is the agonist for elbow flexion (i.e., biceps curls).
The triceps brachii is the agonist for elbow extension(i.e., triceps pushdowns).
What are Synergists
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.
Examples include:
The hamstring complex and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus
maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).
The brachioradialis and brachialis (forearm muscles) assist the biceps brachii
during a biceps curl.
The triceps brachii assist the pectoral muscles during a chest press.
The biceps brachii assist the lattissimus dorsi during a pull-up.
What are Stabilizers
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves. Examples include:
The transversus abdominis (a deep abdominal muscle), internal obliques, and
multi fidus (deep muscles of the spine) stabilize the LPHC during hip extension
(i.e., squats).
The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and
subscapularis), stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements.
What are Antagonists
Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles. Examples include:
The biceps brachii (an elbow flexor) is an antagonist to the triceps brachii during
elbow extension (i.e., triceps pushdown).
During elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist to the biceps (i.e.,
biceps curl).
The hip flexor complex is antagonisticc to the gluteus maximus during hip
extension (i.e., squats).
The latissimus dorsi is antagonisticc to the deltoids during a shoulder press.
Examples of closed-chain exercises
Push-ups Pull-ups Squats
Lunges
Examples of open-chain exercises
Biceps curls
Lat pulldowns
Bench presses
Leg curls
Leg extensions
What is Length- tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
What is Altered length- tension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
What is Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
What is Altered reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist
What is Force-couple relationship
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint
What is the ATP-PC system
An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10-15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.
Example exercises that predominately use the ATP-PC system include:
•Short sprints
• Olympic weightlifting
• Jumping and plyometrics
What is the Glycolytic system
A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen. It lasts longer, with a capacity of approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration.
Example exercises that predominately use the glycolytic system include:
o Strength training (8-12 repetitions)
What is the Oxidative system
The most complex of the three energy systems is the oxidative system —a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it is defined as an aerobic process because it needs oxygen to complete the reactions.
& Example exercises that predominately use the oxidative system include:
o Jogging and running for an extended period
Macronutrients alcohol
Protein: 4 calories per gram
Carbohydrate: 4 calories per gram
energy
Lipid (fat): 9 calories per gram
Alcohol: 7 calories per gram
What are the Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)
Protein: 10% to 35% of total calories
Carbohydrate: 45% to 65% of total calories
Lipid (fat): 20% to 35% of total calories
What are the Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
What are the Water-soluble vitamins
C, B-vitamins
