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Anatomy and physiology of speech and swallowing > Basic Anatomy terms > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy is the study of the structure including it’s location and name, while physiology is the study of the function of the structure

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2
Q

What are the four anatomy specializations?

A

Gross: The study of body parts without a microscope
Microscopic: The study of body parts with a microscope
Developmental: The study of growth and development to birth
Pathological: The study of changes due to disease

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3
Q

What is the standard anatomical position?

A

The body is erect/standing, with palms, arms, and face forward

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4
Q

What is supine?

A

On your back/spine

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5
Q

What is prone?

A

On your stomach

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6
Q

What is the sagittal plane of reference?

A

Cutting the person into left and ride sides.

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7
Q

What is the transverse plane of reference?

A

Cutting the individual horizontally

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8
Q

What is the frontal plane of reference?

A

A cut that creates a front (anterior) and back (posterior)

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9
Q

What is superior and inferior?

A

Superior is above, or nearer to the head.

Inferior is below, or nearer to the feet

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10
Q

What are anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior is nearer the front.

The posterior is nearer to the back

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11
Q

What is Rostral? Hint: It’s like Superior

A

Toward the head

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12
Q

What is medial and lateral?

A

Medial is toward the midline.

Lateral is farther from the midline

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13
Q

What is proximal and distal?

A

Proximal is nearer the trunk/origin

Distal is farther from the trunk/origin

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14
Q

What is superficial and deep?

A

Superficial is nearer the surface

Deep is farther from the surface

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15
Q

The trunk is the…

A

torso

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16
Q

What movement is flexion?

A

Bending

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17
Q

What movement is an extension?

A

Straightening

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18
Q

What is abduction and adduction?

A

Abduction is moving away from the medial plane

Adduction is moving toward the medial plane

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19
Q

What is elevation and depression?

A

Elevation is moving superiorly (above)

Depression is moving inferiorly (below_

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20
Q

What is protrusion and retrusion?

A

Protrusion is moving anteriorly (nearer the front)

Retrusion is moving posteriorly (nearer the back)

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21
Q

What is a canal?

A

A tube-like passage through a structure

22
Q

What is a meatus?

A

A passage through a structure

23
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A grove/depression/pit

24
Q

What is a foramen?

A

An opening

25
Q

Describe muscles and their innervation (nerve supply).

A

Muscles have aggregates of contractile muscle fibers with a common function.
They can shorten to 1/3 of their length.
They have nerve and vascular supplies.
The orientation of muscle fibers dictates the region which force can be applied to.
Muscle fibers can only actively shorten.

26
Q

What is the origin?

A

The attachment point of the least mobile (more stable) element. Serves as the anchor

27
Q

What is insertion?

A

The attachment point that moves when a muscle contracts, usually the more mobile attachment.

28
Q

What is innervation? What are the two types?

A

The process of receiving output from a body sensor, or a stimulated muscle/gland.
The two types are:
Afferent: Sensory
Efferent: excitatory

29
Q

What is the efferent flow? Describe it.

A

The efferent flow is the information flow for the production of muscular effort.
Motor commands issued from the cortical tissue travel descending pathways through one or more motor nuclei before reaching peripheral nerves and muscles.

30
Q

What is the afferent flow? Describe it.

A

the afferent flow is the information flow for sensations of environmental events.
Sensory receptors are stimulated and signs travel via peripheral nerves to spinal cord and the brainstem through ascending pathways to the cortex.

31
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

one efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fibers that it attaches to.

32
Q

What does the myo- in myology stand for?

A

Muscle.

33
Q

What does osteo- in osteology stand for?

A

Bone.

34
Q

What does neur- in neurology stand for?

A

Nerve.

35
Q

Name 2 fields related to anatomy.

A

cytology: the study of the structure and functions of cells
histology: the study of the microscopic structure of tissue

36
Q

What is the thorax?

A

The chest

37
Q

What is the abdomen?

A

The stomach

38
Q

What are the 5 body cavities?

A 
Cranial: Brain
Vertebral: Spinal cord
Thoracic: Lungs
Pericardial: Heart
Abdominal: Digestive system
39
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Cell-rich tissue that covers the surfaces of body and lines major cavities and passageways. Has various secratory and absorptive functions, and protects the underlying connective tissue.

40
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue specialized for support and protection, does this by binding together to support tissues and organs.

41
Q

What is muscular tissue? What are its three classes?

A

Muscle tissue is contractile tissue. It’s classes are:
striated: voluntary contractions
smooth: involuntary contractions
Cardiac: Heart contractions

42
Q

What are the two important cells in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts and macrophages.

43
Q

What family of tissue is cartilage a part of? What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue. It’s three types are:
hyaline: Provides smooth surface on bones, ribs, larynx, and trachea. Allowing gliding.
Fibro: dense, flexible, and shock-absorbant
Yellow (elastic): Firm and elastic

44
Q

What is nervous tissue? Describe it

A

Nervous tissue has neurons and transfers information

45
Q

What are the three tissue aggregates of connective tissue?

A

Fascial: Packing material around organs
Ligaments: Connects bone to bone/cartilage
Tendons: Connects muscle to bone/ cartilage

46
Q

Describe bones:

A

All start as cartilaginous masses.
They provide rigid skeletal support.
have tensile and compressive strength.
and protect organs and soft tissues

47
Q

Describe joints:

A

Joints connect bones with bone or cartilage with cartilage.
They are also called “Articulations” or areas of connection.
They are classified by the type of movement they allow and the material they are made out of.

48
Q

Describe fibrous joints:

A

They are immobile and bounded by fibrous ligaments. They are sutures located between the bones of the skull joints.

49
Q

Describe synovial joints:

A

They are highly mobile joint cavities with lubing synovial fluid. They include the:
Plane, spheroid, condylar, trochoid, sellar, ellipsoid, and hinge joints.

50
Q

Name the four subsystems of speech and describe their functions.

A

respiratory: The system involved in respiration. Involves the lungs, oral cavity, etc.
Phonatory: Laryngeal structures that produce voiced sounds
Articulatory: Various structures (lips, tongue, teeth, etc.) that shape the oral cavity for speech sound production
resonatory: Various structures (soft palate and nasal cavity, mainly) that shape nasal and non-nasal sounds during speech production.

Anatomy and physiology of speech and swallowing (2 decks)

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