Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and physiology of speech and swallowing > Anatomy of respiration > Flashcards

Anatomy of respiration Flashcards

1
Q

How is breathing different from respiration?

A

Breathing is the physical process of inspiration and expiration.
Respiration is the exchange of gas between organism and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pressure? What is air pressure?

A

Pressure is the force distributed over a surface.

Air pressure is the force exerted on a surface by air molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

As volume decreases…

As volume increases…

A

As volume decreases, pressure increases.

As volume increases, pressure decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

For a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature, volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In respiration, lung volume ____ as air pressure in lungs decreases.
Lung volume _____ as air pressure increases.

A

Increases

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the thorax? What is its position?

A

the thorax houses the heart and lungs.
It is superior to the first rib and clavicle, inferior to the 12th and floating rib, lateral to the ribs, and anterior to the sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

It has 7 cervical (chest) columns, C1-C7. 12 thoracic (chest) columns, T1-T12. 5 lumbar columns, L1-L5. 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae?

A

Thoracic: ribs
lumbar: back, abdomen, diaphragm
Sacral: Fused to the sacrum
Coccygeal: Fused to the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the four structures in the pelvic girdle:

A

Llium
sacrum
pubic bone
ischium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the two structures in the pectoral girdle:

A

Scapula

Clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structure is inside the sternum?

A

The manubrium sterni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the ribs do?

A

The ribs protect the heart and lungs. They can also change shape during respiration. Has a head, neck, angle, and shaft.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe ribcage movements during respiration.

A

Elevation of the lateral shaft of the ribs is like a bucket handle going up and down.
Superior and anterior movement of the sternum is like pumping the handle of a well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the four steps of gas exchange:

A
  1. Air is inhaled through the mouth/nose
  2. Air moves through the pharynx and larynx
  3. Air moves through the trachea, mainstem, bronchi, and branching bronchioles.
  4. At the juncture between an alveolus and a capillary, oxygen from the alveolus attaches to a red blood cell in the capillary, which will ultimately travel to the heart.
    At the same time, carbon dioxide is released from the bloodstream into the alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe what happens to oxygenated blood:

A
  1. Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and into the left side of the heart.
  2. The heart pumps the blood to the rest of the body.
  3. Oxygen-deficient, carbon dioxide-rich blood returns to the right side of the heart through 2 large veins.
  4. Carbon dioxide-rich blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Carbon dioxide is then released into the alveoli via. a capillary, which is ultimately exhaled.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between the blue and red vessels?

A

Blue vessel: Oxygen POOR blood FROM the heart.

Red vessel: Oxygen RICH blood To the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the respiratory passageways?

A

The oral and nasal cavities
The larynx and trachea
Bronchial tree & tubes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea:

A

The trachea has 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings. It bifurcates into the mainstem bronchi to serve the lungs. It has smooth muscle that is slightly contracted so it can relax/open when you need more oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the structure of the esophagus:

A

The esophagus is a long, collapsed tube. It is posterior and parallel to the trachea. It is attached to the stomach, and stays collapsed until food/liquid is swallowed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the Bronchial tree:

A

The passage for air in/out of the lungs. It is composed of the bronchi, branching bronchioles, and alveoli.
Has 28 subdivisions in the right lung, 14 in the left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Carina? (Hint: Think about mainstem bronchi)

A

The carina is the location of bifurcation of the mainstem bronchi.

22
Q

Describe what respiratory branching is:

A

The cross-sectional area of the trachea: 5cm^2
The cross-sectional area of the 300 million alveoli: 70 m^2.
This allows more space for gas exchange over a large surface area.

23
Q

Describe the alveoli:

A

There are 300 million of them. They are located at the ends of the bronchial tree, where gas is enhanced via articulations with the capillaries.

24
Q

Describe the structures of the lungs:

A

The lungs are porous and spongy. They are composed of blood, arterial and venous networks (blood vessels), connective tissue, respiratory pathway, and the alveoli.
It has 3 lobes: Superior, inferior, and the middle.

25
Q

Describe the four airway filters:

A
  1. Nasal hairs
  2. Moist mucous membranes (goblet cells, etc.)
  3. Beatin cilia that remove pollutants.
  4. Coughing expels particulates into bronchioles where they are removed by the lymphatic system
26
Q

Describe how the lungs expand:

A

The lungs expand with other structures, like the ribcage and diaphragm. Pleural linkage is possible by the mucous that keeps the thorax and lungs in contact.

27
Q

Describe pleural linkage and how it relates to the way the lungs expand:

A

The lungs are covered by thin membranes called visceral pleura, which links the pulmonary apparatus and the chest wall.
The resting size of the pulmonary apparatus is larger when linked, while the resting size of the chest wall is smaller when linked.

28
Q

Do the lungs expand as a result of thoracic wall enlargement, or does the thoracic wall enlarge as a result of lung expansion?

A

The lungs expand as a result of thoracic wall enlargement.

29
Q

Describe the structure of the chest wall:

A

The chest wall is formed by:
the rib cage wall, which forms most of the thorax and surrounds the lungs (except for at the bottom)
The diaphragm
the abdominal wall
and the abdominal contents (organs, intestines, etc.)

30
Q

Describe how the diaphragm contracts:

A

The diaphragm expands the lungs and is also a part of the pleural linkage.

31
Q

What is quiet inspiration?

A

Quiet inspiration: Involves minimal muscular activity, primarily the diaphragm.

32
Q

What is forced inspiration?

A

Involves the diaphragm and accessory muscles of inspiration.

33
Q

Describe the accessory muscles of inspiration:

A

The muscles of the anterior thorax, posterior thorax, neck, arm, and shoulder muscles that elevate/expand the ribcage.

34
Q

Describe the muscles of the thorax:

A

The thorax is comprised of the diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal (the interchondral portion), levatores costarum (Brevis & longis), and the pectoralis major/minor

35
Q

Describe the muscles of the neck:

A

The neck is compromised of the sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, and trapezius.

36
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the diaphragm?

A

O: The xiphoid process of the sternum, ribs #7-12, and the lumbar vertebrae.
I: Into the central tendon.
F: Enlarges the vertical dimension of the thorax and distends the abdomen.

37
Q

Is the diaphragm a paired or unpaired muscle?

A

Unpaired

38
Q

What are phrenic nerves? Where are they located?

A

Since the diaphragm is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, phrenic nerves allow us to consciously alter diaphragm movement, like if we needed to hold our breath to go swimming. They are bilaterally innervated, with a left and right nerve.

They are located at the cervical plexus, along the spinal cord from C1-C4.

39
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the external intercostals?

A

O: Inferior surface of ribs #1-11
I: Upper surface of rib immediately below
F: Rib cage elevation, particularly in the anterior-posterior dimension.

40
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the internal intercostals (the interchondrial portion only)?

A

O: Ribs #1-11
I: Inferior surface of rib immediately below
F: elevates ribs #1-11

41
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the levatores costarum (brevis and longis)?

A

O: Transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
I: Rib below for brevis, 2 ribs below for longis
F: Elevates ribs

42
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the pectoralis major?

A

O: Sternum and Clavicle
I: Humerus
F: Elevates sternum, increasing transverse dimension of the rib cage

43
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the pectoralis minor?

A

O: ribs #2-5
I: Coracoid process of scapula
F: Elevates ribs #2-5, increasing the transverse dimension of the rib cage.

44
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

O: Sternum and Clavicle
I: Mastoid process of the temporal bone
F: Turns head and elevates the sternum/ribs

45
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the scaleni (anterior, medius, posterior)?

A

O: Cervical vertebrae
I: 1st/2nd rib
F: Elevates 1st/2nd rib, provides head stability, and facilitates rotation

46
Q

What is a typical situation where the accessory muscles of the neck might be used during breathing tasks?

A

Speaking loudly or exercising.

47
Q

What is an ATYPICAL situation where the accessory muscles of the neck might be used during breathing tasks?

A

Pneumonia, COPD, or a spinal cord injury

48
Q

What is clavicular breathing?

A

Clavicular breathing is when the accessory muscles of the neck are used during breathing tasks.

49
Q

What muscles help stabilize the upper body?

A

The trapezius and erector spinae.

50
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the trapezius?

A

O: Spinous processes of C1-T12
I: Scapula and clavicle
F: Elongates neck, provides neck control, and stabilizes the vertebral column for respiration.

51
Q

What are the posterior stabilizing muscles? How many bundles do they have? What is their function

A

The posterior stabilizing muscles are the erector spinae which run through the entire back and has 3 bundles:
The lateral
Intermediate
Medial

Their function is to stabilize the vertebral column and ribs, and movement of the vertebral column.

Anatomy and physiology of speech and swallowing (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions