Basic Anatomy of Upper Limbs Flashcards
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle type
What type of joint is the acromoclavicular joint?
Plane type
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball and socket type
What type of joint is the elbow joint, and what two joints come together to form the elbow?
Hinge type; formed by humeroulnar and radiohumeral joints
What kind of joint are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
Pivot type
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
Ellipsoid type
How does the radius move during pronation?
Moves over the ulna
What are the ligaments of the elbow?
Annular ligament, medial (ulnar) collateral ligament, lateral (radial) collateral ligament
Where does the lateral (radial) ligament attach?
From lateral epicondyle of humerus to annular ligament
What are the two kinds of IP joints in the hand?
Distal and proximal
What kind of joint is the fifth MCP?
Condyloid type
What kind of joint is the first CMC joint?
Saddle type
How much rotation does the thumb have?
90 degrees
What are the axio-appendicular muscles and their innervation?
Trapezius = CN IX
Latissimus dorsi = thoracodorsal nerve
Rhomboid minor and major = dorsal scapular nerve
Pectoralis major = medial and lateral pectoral nerves
Pectoralis minor = medial pectoral nerve
Serratus anterior = long thoracic nerve
What muscles are located in the scapular region?
Levator scapulae, rotator cuff muscles
What innervates levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular nerve
What are the four rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus (greater tuberosity), teres minor, subscapularis (lesser tuberosity)
What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?
Hold head of humerus in glenoid fossa
How much of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa at any time?
1/3
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?
Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
What innervates the muscles of the anterior arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
What action do the muscles of the anterior arm perform?
Flexion of arm and forearm, biceps brachii also supinates forearm
What is the only muscle of the posterior arm?
Triceps brachii
What innervates triceps brachii, and what action does the muscle perform?
Innervated by radial nerve; extension of arm and forearm
What muscles make up the superficial layer of the anterior forearm?
Pronator teres, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus
What muscle makes up the intermediate layers of the anterior forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
What muscles make up the deep layer of the anterior forearm?
Flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus
What innervates the anterior forearm muscles (except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus)?
Median nerve
What innervates flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum profundus?
Ulnar nerve
What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior forearm?
Flexion of wrist and digits, pronation, abduction and adduction of wrist
What muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
Brachioradialis, anconeus, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digiti minimi
What muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior forearm?
Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor indicis
What innervates the muscles of the posterior forearm?
Radial nerve
What are the actions of the muscles of the posterior forearm?
Extension of wrist and digits, supination, abduction and adduction of wrist
Where is the thenar eminence of the hand, and what innervates it?
At base of thumb and innervated by recurrent branch of median nerve (affected by carpal tunnel syndrome)
Where is the hypothenar eminence of the hand and what innervates it?
At base of little finger and innervated by deep branch of ulnar nerve
What muscles are located in the thenar eminence of the hand?
Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponeus brevis
What muscles make up the hypothenar eminence of the hand?
Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponeus digiti minimi
Where do the lumbricals attach, and what innervates them?
Attached to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus; medial two innervated by ulnar nerve, lateral two innervated by median nerve
What are the two groups of interossei?
Dorsal interossei (DAB) = abduction of digits Palmar interossei (PAD) = adduction of digits (all innervated by ulnar nerve)
Where does the brachial plexus originate from?
Anterior rami of C5-T1
Where does the brachial plexus pass through?
Passes through axilla to medial arm
What travel around the brachial artery?
Cords
What are the contents of the brachial plexus form proximal to dorsal?
Roots (C5-T1), trunks (superior, middle, inferior), divisions (anterior, posterior), cords (lateral, posterior, medial), nerves
What nerves travel within the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar
What do all the posterior divisions of the brachial plexus come together to form?
The posterior cord
What are smaller nerves associated with the brachial plexus?
Dorsal scapular nerve, long thoracic nerve, upper and lower subscapular nerves, subscapular nerve, nerve to subclavius, lateral pectoral nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of arm, medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, medial pectoral nerve, thoracodorsal nerve
What forms the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum and carpals
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor digitorum superficialis (x4), flexor digitorum profundus (x4), flexor pollicis longus, median nerve
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Caused by compression of the median nerve = weakness in thenar muscle, numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral half of digit four
What is the flow of arteries in the upper limbs?
Subclavian - axillary - brachial - radial (lateral side) and ulnar (medial side) - superficial palmar arch (ulnar artery dominant) and deep palmar arch (radial artery dominant)
How are arteries organised at the elbow joint?
There are anastomoses
What arteries anastomose at the scapula?
Suprascapular artery, dorsal scapular artery and circumflex scapular arteries
What do veins follow?
Arteries (also have similar names)
What are vena comitantes?
Paired veins lying on either side of an artery = pulsation of artery aids venous return
