Basic anatomy for final Flashcards
- Anatomical position
- The face and toes directed forward
- The eyes straight forward
- The heels and toes get together
- The upper limbs hang by the side of the body
- The palms of the hands face forward
Periosteum
- It envelops external surface of the bones, except the joint surface (articular cartilage)
- 2 layers:
§ Outer layer: fibrous membrane
§ Innter layer: vascular membrane (osteoblasts)- regeneration of bone
- Essential structures of a synovial joint
a. Articular surfaces
- They have a layer of smooth hyaline cartilage
b. Articular (joint) capsule
- 2 layers
i. Fibrous layer - superficial, thickness
ii. Synovial layer - deep, thin, slippery, can produce synovial which lubricates the joint
c. Joint cavity
- A closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid
- It is negative to the atmosphere pressure
- Joints of vertebral body
- Btw bodies of adjacent vertebrae
A. Nucleus pulposus
i. Inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core)
B. Annulus fibrosus
An outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage
elbow joint
- L: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
- Joints:
§ Humoroulnar joint
□ Trochlear of humerus and trochlear notch (hinge)
§ Humororadial joint
□ Capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
§ Proximal radioulnar joint
□ Articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Ligments:
- radial collateral ligament (attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius)
- ulnar collateral ligament (attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch)
- annular ligament of radius (attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius)
movements: flexion and extension; pronation and supination
Knee joint
- Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
- Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar bursa, ala folds
Accessory structures: (ligaments) - patellar ligament - fibular collateral lig - tibial collateral lig - oblique popliteal ligament - anterior cruciate ligament - posterior cruciate ligament - medial meniscus (C-shaped) - lateral meniscus (O-shaped) Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint maybe passively rotated through 70'
Hip joint
- Acetabulum
- Acetabular labrum
- Head of femur
- Ligament of head of femur
- Transverse acetabular ligaments
Accessory structure: - Iliofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral ligament
- ischiofemoral ligament
- zona orbicularis
movement: flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
terminal line
- Sacral promontory
- Arcuate line
- Pectin of pubis
- Pubic tubercle
- Upper border of pubic symphysis
i. Two portions:
- Greater pelvis
- Lesser pelvis
extrahepatic apparatus
The gall bladder: Fundus, body, neck, cystic duct Formation: - The right and left hepatic ducts - The common hepatic duct - The gall bladder and cystic duct - The common bile duct - The hepatopancreatic ampulla - The major duodenal papilla
4 parts of the stomach
- cardiac
- Fundus
- Body
- Pyloric
- Pyloric antrum
- Pyloric canal
isthmus of fauces
- Uvula
- Free margin of palatine
- Palatoglossal arch
- Root of tongue
porta hepatis consists of …..
- proper hepatic artery,
- hepatic ducts
hepatic portal vein - nerves
- lymphatic vessels
“H” shaped groove
- fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis
- fossa for ligamentum venosum
- fossa for gall bladder
- fossa for vena cava (hepatic veins)
- transverse fissure (porta hepatis)
3 parts and 3 constrictions of ureters
3 parts: - abdominal part - pelvis part - mural part 3 constrictions - point conjoined with renal pelvis - point crossed with iliac artery - intramural part
ligaments of uterus
- round ligaments
- cardinal ligaments
- uterosacral ligaments
- broad ligaments
- -mesovarium
- -mesosalpinx
- -mesometrium
the name of the paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose
- frontal sinus – middle meatus vis infundibulum
- maxillary sinus – middle meatus via semilunar hiatus
- sphenoid sinus – sphenoethmoidal recess
- ethmoidal sinuses –
- anterior: middle meatus
- middle: middle meatus
- posterior: superior nasal meatus
renal sinus
a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat
uterine tubes 4 parts
- infundibulum of uterine tube
- ampulla of uterine tube
- isthmus of uterine tube
- uterine part
3 parts and 3 constrictions of male urethra
3 parts: - prostate portion - membranous portion - cavernous portion 3 constrictions - internal orifice (urethral sphincter) - membranous portion (external urethral sphincter) - external orifice
4 parts of laryngeal cavity
C4-C6
- Laryngeal vestibule (aperture of larynx to rima vestibuli)
- intermedial cavity of larynx (rima vestiubli to fissure of glottis)
- -ventricle of larynx (a small recess btw vestibular and vocal folds on each side)
- infraglottic cavity (vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage)
laryngeal parts
- laryngeal vestibule: aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli
- intermedial cavity of larynx: rima vestibuli to fissure of glottis
- infraglottic cavity: vocal folds to lower border of the cricoid cartilage
3 branches of aortic arch
brachiocephalic artery (which divides into right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery), the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. These arteries provide blood to both arms and the head.
spermatic cord
- soft round rope
- main structure:
- ductus deferense
- testicular artery
- pampiniform plexus of vein
- nervous plexus
- lymphatic vessels
- remnants of vaginal process
- 3 tunics
- external spermatic fascia
- cremaster
- internal spermatic fascia
branch of hepatic portal vein
- **there are no functioning valves in hepatic portal system
- drains blood from the lower end of esophagus to teh upper end of anal canal, pancreas, gall bladder, bile ducts and spleen
- tributaries:
1. superior mesenteric v. 2. inferior mesenteric v. 3. splenic v. 4. left gastric v. 5. right gastric v. 6. cystic v. 7. paraumbilical v.
Fossa ovalis
a depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, the wall between right and left atrium. The fossa ovalis is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development (in the fetal it is open and after it’s born a tissue cover it)
-*most common location of atrial septal defects (ASD)
4 openings of the right atrium
- orifice superior vena cava
- orifice of inferior vena vaca
- orifice of coronary sinus
- right atrioventricular orifice
The unpaired branch of abdominal aorta
- coeliac trunk aorta – left gastric a. , common hepatic a. , splenic a.
- superior mesenteric aorta
- inferior mesenteric aorta
conduction system of heart
SA (sinoatrial node) fire impulse and transmit through internodal tracts, located in the inferior portion of the interatrial septum jsut above the orifice of the coronary sinus passes to teh AV node (atrioventricular node). The impulse continues through the AV bundle, located at the top of the interventricular septum. The AV bundle divides into right and left bundle branches, which are continuouse wiht the conduction myofibers within the ventricular walls- purkinjie fibers. stimulation of these fibers causes the ventricles to contract simultaneously
Thoracic duct and its 6 trunks
- The largest lymphatic vessel within the human body, and plays a key role in the lymphatic system. It is also called the left lymphatic duct or the alimentary duct.
- begins infront of L1 as a dilated sac called cisterna chylo (formed by joining of the left and right lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk).
- enter thoracic cavity by passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm and ascends along on the front of the vertebral column, btw thoracic aorta and azygous vein
- consists of: (thoracic duct from cisterna chyli to left venous angles)
- Left Jugular trunk
- Left subclavian trunk
- Left bronchomediastinal trunk
- right and left lumbar trunk
- intestinal trunk
- right lymphatic duct:
- R bronchiomediastinal trunk
- R subclavian trunk
- R jugular trunk
5 branches of facial nerves
- temporal branches
- zygomatic branches
- buccal branches
- mandibular branches
- cervical branches
6 eye movement ms and 3 nerves control
6 eye movements: (and 3 nerves) superior oblique (SO)—cranial nerve IV (Trochlear) -- turns eyeball inferolaterally inferior oblique (IO)—cranial nerve III (Oculomotor) -- turns eyeball superolaterally superior rectus (SR)—cranial nerve III (Oculomotor) -- turns eyeball superomedially inferior rectus (IR)—cranial nerve III (Oculomotor) -- turns eyeball inferomedially medial rectus (MR)—cranial nerve III (Oculomotor) -- turns eyeball medially lateral rectus (LR)—cranial nerve VI (Abducens) -- turns eyeball laterally \+ elevator palpebrae superioris --- cranial nerve III -- raises upper eyelid
facial colliculus
An elevated area located on the dorsal pons in the floor of the 4th ventricle. It is formed by fibers from the motor nucleus of the facial nerve as they loop over the abducens nucleus.
- overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve
5 lobes of the telencephalon
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
- insular lobe
Internal capsule
a deep subcortical structure that contains a concentration of white matter projection fibres. These fibres form the corona radiata. Anatomically, this is an important area because of the high concentration of both motor and sensory projection fibres
Anterior limb of internal capsule
-lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
-containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation
Genu of internal capsule
-is an angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet
-containing corticonuclear tract
Posterior limb of internal capsule
-lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus
-containing corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation, and optic radiation
Cerebellum function
vestibulocerebellum - eye movements and maintain balance spinocerebellum - control of muscle tone and coordination of ms movement on the same side of the body (keep the body in position) Cerebrocerebellum - planning movements
Names of basal ganglion
- a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement
Names:
- CORPUS STRIATUM:
--Lentiform nucleus
----globus pallidus (medial and lateral)
----putamen
--Caudate nucleus
--Claustrum
- AMYGDALOID BODY
-SUBSTANGLIA NIGRA
-SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUSFour language area
- motor speech area
- located in the posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus
- damage: motor apasia - writing area:
- L: posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus
- damage: agraphia - auditory speech area:
- L: posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
- Lesion: sensory aphasia - visual speech area
- L: angular gyrus
- lesion: alexia
General visceral motor nuclei in brainstem
- nerves III accessory occulomotor nucleus (midbrain): sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle
- nerve VII superior salivatory nucleus (pons): submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands
- nerve IX inferior salivatory nucleus (medulla): parotid gland
- nerve X dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (medulla): many cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera
CSF circulation
CSF drains from lateral ventricle —-(interventricular foramina)— third ventricle —(mesencephalic aqueduct)— fourth ventricle —(median and two lateral apertures)— subarachnoid space —(arachnoid granulations)— superior sagittal sinus — vein
FUNCTION:
- Protection for brain and spinal cord
- supply nutrients and remove waste
- maintain normal pressure
- testing the pressure of CSF is helpful for diagnosis
cavernous sinus
Location: on each side of sella turcica
contents: internal carotid artery, ophtalamic n., occulomotor n., trochlear n., abducent n., and maxillary n.
communications:
-forward: ophtalamic vein – angular vein – facial vein
-backward: superior and inferior petrosal sinuses – sigmoid sinus internal jugular vein
-downward: emissary veins – pterygoid venous plexus – (deep facial vein and facial vein)
**note: theres no valves in dural sinus; therefore, infection easily spread
proprioceptive (deep sensory) and fine touch pathway of trunk and limbs
ms. tendon joints n periosteum, receptor for fine touch skin —(spinal ganglion)— fasciculus gracilis (T5below), fasciculus cuneatus (T4above)- still on the same side— (gracile nucleus, cuneate nucleus)- decussation of medial lemniscus—(ventral posterolateral nucleus- VPL)—(central thalamic radiation)— superior 2/3 of postcent. gyrus, post. part of paracent. lobule, precentral gyrus
pain, temp and simple touch pathway of trunk and limbs
skin exteroceptor —(spinal ganglion)— central processes— posterior root—(I,IV,VII of posterior horn)—lateral and ant. spinothalamic tract—(VPL)—-(central thalamic radiation)— sup. 2/3 of post gyrus, post. part of paracent. lobule
3 ways of termination of the white communicating branches
synaspe with a ganglionic neuron (the same chain ganglion); ascend or descend in the trunk to synaspe within another chain ganglion; pass through the chain ganglion and emerge from the chain…splanchnic nerve.. synasping
2 enlargements
cervical (C4-T1)and lumbar(L2-S3) enlargement
the point where spinal cord ends
conus medullaris
