Basic Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

disease states of the heart: arrhythmias

Answer 1

heart beating irregularly

Question 2

disease states of the heart: atrial fibrilation

Answer 2

top chambers of the heart don’t beat normally and can cause blood clots

Question 3

disease states of the heart: heart failure

Answer 3

heart muscles are weakened and cannot pump blood appropriately from the heart; fluid backs up into the lungs and causes congestive heart failure

Question 4

disease states of blood vessels: hypertension

Answer 4

high blood pressure; can lead to rupturing of blood vessels, stroke, and organ damage

Question 5

disease states of blood vessels: hypercholesterolemia

Answer 5

high cholesterol; cholesterol (fat) builds up in the arteries and may cause a heart attack

Question 6

disease states of blood vessels: embolism

Answer 6

a blood clot (embolism) can form and blocks blood flow to an organ; leads to tissue damage due to lack of blood flow (like a stroke)

Question 7

the heart failure med, _____, helps functioning heart muscles to work better in pumping blood

Answer 7

digoxin

Question 8

disease states of the skin: dermatitis

Answer 8

inflammation of the skin

Question 9

disease states of the skin: eczema

Answer 9

dry, itchy patches of skin

Question 10

disease states of the skin: psoriasis

Answer 10

patches of thick, red skin due to buildup of skin cells

Question 11

disease states of the skin: acne

Answer 11

hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells; causes whiteheads/blackheads, or pimples

Question 12

disease states of the skin: skin cancer

Answer 12

most common cancer in the US; abnormal skin cell production

Question 13

_____ cream treats acne by preventing hair follicles from becoming plugged

Answer 13

tretinoin

Question 14

disease states of the thyroid: hypothyroidism

Answer 14

the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone; can cause weight gain, thinning hair, and depression

Question 15

disease states of the thyroid: hyperthyroidism

Answer 15

the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone; can cause weight loss, heart failure, and hypertension

Question 16

Which organ secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar/glucose?

Answer 16

pancreas

Question 17

disease states of the pancreas: diabetes

Answer 17

condition that occurs when blood sugar is too high for a long period of time

TYPE I: insulin-dependent
TYPE II: non-insulin dependent

Question 18

disease states of the esophagus: acid reflux

Answer 18

acid from the stomach travels up the esophagus, causing burning

Question 19

disease states of the liver: hepatitis

Answer 19

inflammation of the liver due to alcohol, medications, or viral infections

Question 20

disease states of the colon/rectum: hemorrhoids

Answer 20

swollen, inflamed veins in the anus or lower rectum due to straining or pregnancy

Question 21

disease states of the colon/rectum: colon cancer

Answer 21

abnormal tumor growth in the colon or rectum that can spread to other parts of the body

Question 22

disease states of the intestine: constipation

Answer 22

hard stools caused by too much water being absorbed from feces

Question 23

disease states of the intestine: diarrhea

Answer 23

loose stools caused by not enough water being absorbed by the GI tract

Question 24

disease states of the intestine: IBS

Answer 24

chronic inflammation of the bowels; can cause diarrhea or constipation

Question 25

disease states of blood cells: anemia

Answer 25

lowered amount of red blood cells in the body; less O2 is carried to the cells and can cause fatigue, rapid heart rate, and pale skin

Question 26

disease states of blood cells: embolisms

Answer 26

abnormal clots in the body that can cause deep venous thrombosis (DVTs) and pulmonary embolisms (PEs)

Question 27

disease states of blood cells: hemophilia

Answer 27

blood doesnt clot properly and can cause excessive bleeding from wounds

Question 28

disease states of muscles: muscle spasms

Answer 28

when muscle contract and can't relax, may cause pain

Question 29

disease states of joints: arthritis

Answer 29

inflammation of a joint that causes swelling, pain, and trouble moving

Question 30

disease states of joints: gout

Answer 30

uric acid crystal formation in joints; can cause pain and swelling in the joints

Question 31

disease states of bones: osteoporosis

Answer 31

"holes in bone"; weaken bone structure which can cause fractures

Question 32

disease states of the brain: Parkinson's

Answer 32

movement disorder; Brain cells don't produce enough dopamine causing symptoms like trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face

Question 33

disease states of the brain: Alzheimer's

Answer 33

destruction of brain cells that produce acetylcholine; causes dementia, trouble speaking, writing, and reading

Question 34

disease states of the brain: migraine

Answer 34

severe headache; causes pain, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness

Question 35

disease states of the brain: insomnia

Answer 35

common sleep disorder; having trouble falling or staying asleep

Question 36

disease states of the brain: psychosis

Answer 36

mental disorder caused by abnormal thinking perceptions (hallucinations) may also be called schizophrenia

Question 37

disease states of the brain: bipolar disorder

Answer 37

mental disorder that cycles between depression and mania

Question 38

disease states of the brain: seizures

Answer 38

hyperactivity of nerves in the brain; causes involuntary movements and can cause a loss of consciousness

Question 39

disease states of the eyes: glaucoma

Answer 39

increased fluid inside the eye that can place pressure on the optic nerve and damage it

Question 40

disease states of the eyes: conjunctivitis

Answer 40

inflammation of the eye, usually due to infection

Question 41

disease states of the ear: vertigo

Answer 41

dizziness caused by fluid imbalance in the ear

Question 42

disease states of the ear: otitis media

Answer 42

infection of the middle ear

Question 43

disease states of the kidney: acute and chronic renal failure

Answer 43

- acute: usually due to injury, lasts a short time, and is usually reversible - chronic: a slow loss of kidney function over time and is generally not reversible

Question 44

medical conditions of the ovary: menopause

Answer 44

ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone; leads to hot flashes, depression, etc.

Question 45

disease states of the prostate: enlarged prostate

Answer 45

prostate cells enlarge, and can cause blockage of urine

Question 46

disease states of the lungs: asthma

Answer 46

chronic condition where airways are narrow and swollen; causes difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and wheezing

Question 47

disease states of the lungs: COPD

Answer 47

chronic condition that narrows breathing airways; causes shortness of breath, mucus production, and chest tightness