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BASIC Flashcards

1
Q

White matter contains

A

myelinated axons

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2
Q

`grey matter contains

A

cell bodes and no myelin sheets

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3
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

Myelinate axons in the brain (CNS)

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4
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in the rest of the body (PNS)

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5
Q

TRACTS?

A

location of a pathway e.g. spinothalamic tract

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6
Q

commissures

A

tract connecting one hemisphere to the other – TRACTS THAT CROSS THE MIDLINE

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7
Q

lemnisci

A

narrow strip of fibres

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8
Q

funiculi

A

rope or a cord

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9
Q

fasiculi

A

Bundle e.g. gracile fasiculus

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10
Q

Capsule

A

sheet of white matter fibres that border a nucleus of grey matter

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11
Q

column

A

longitudinally running fibres separates by other structures e.g. dorsal column

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12
Q

cortex

A

laminated grey matter on outside of brain e.e. motor cortex

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13
Q

NUCLEI

A

collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS e.g. ARCUATE NUCLEAU (in the thalamus, arises from the diencephalon)

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14
Q

ganglia

A

collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS I.E in the PNS e.g. dorsal root ganglia ( derived from neural crest cells) and some inside the CNS that have a capsule e/g/ basal ganglia

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15
Q

AFFERENTS

A

axons taking info towards the CNS e.g. sensory fibres

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16
Q

Efferents

A

axons taking info to another site from the CNS e.g. motor fibres

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17
Q

RETICULAR

A

‘netlike’ - where grey and white matter mix e.g. reticulare formation of brainstem

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18
Q

nuclei

A

abundance of neuronal cell bodies

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19
Q

axons are gathered into

A

tracts

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20
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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21
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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22
Q

Rostral

A

towards the nose (anterior)

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23
Q

`caudal

A

towards tail (posterior)

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24
Q

sulci

25
gyri
ridges
26
Function of frontal lobe
- voluntary movement on opposite side of body - frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere controls speech (BROCAS AREA) and writingg ( of right handed then left hemisphere is dominant etc) - intelectual functioning, thought processes, reasoning and memory
27
parietal lobe function
receives and interprets sensations, inc pain touch, pressure, size and body-part awareness -PROPRIOCEPTION
28
Temporal lobe function
- Understanding the spoken word (WERNICKE'S - understanding), ssounds as well as memory and emotion
29
occipital lobe function
Understanding visual images and meaning of words
30
underlying the cortex is what?
white matter
31
function of thalamus
relay centre direction imputs to cortical areas
32
Function of hypothalamus
links endocrine system to brain and involved in homeostasis
33
Function of basal ganglia
consists of the cuadate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus: motor control, cognition and non-motor behaviour. CAUDATE + PUTAMEN = STRIATUM GLOBUS + PUTAMEN = LENTIFORM NUCLEUS
34
Grey matter structures found deep in white matter and surround ventricles - give 3 examples
thalamus hypothalamus basal ganglia
35
Function of Cerebellum
coordinates voluntary motor movement and balance, equilibrium and muscle tone essentially responsible for fine coordinated movement
36
where does cerebellum lie and how is it attached
over dorsal surface of brainstem and attached by 3 Peduncles : - superior - to midbrain - middle - pons - inferior - medulla
37
How is the cerebellum separated from the dorsal brainstem ?
by the 4th Ventricle, which forms part of its roof
38
What is cerebellum made up of
folded cortex, white matter and deep inner nuclei
39
What do cerebellar injuries result in
slow and uncoordinated movement
40
ASYNERGIA
loss of coordination of motor movement
41
INTENTION TREMOR
movement tremor
42
HYPOTONIA
weak muscles
43
NYSTAGMUS
abnormal eye movement
44
Function of brainstem
many: - Special senses - sensory and motor for head and neck via cranial nerves - autonomic regulation of the body - regulates consciousness - pathway between brain and spinal cord
45
Midbrain
- Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) - Cerebral peduncle (tegmentum & crus cerebri) - surrounds cerebral aqueduct
46
Pons
bridge to cerebellum
47
medulla oblongata
continous with spinal cord
48
CNS contains 2 types of specialised cell | give e.gs of each
- NERVE CELL/ NEURONE - e.g. pyramidal, stellate, golgu, purkinje - NEUROGLIA - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes % microglia
49
What makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)
- -endothelial cells - -pericytes (contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of capillaries and venules) - -astrocytes
50
Features of BBB
- Endothelial tight junctions - Astrocyte end feet - Pericytes - Continuous basement membrane (lacks fenestration) - Requires specific transported for glucose ions etc.
51
CIRCUMVENTRULAR ORGANS give e.g,
parts of brain that lack BBB | e.g. Posterior pituitary - need to be in contact with the blood for a sensory role to monitor
52
Where is CSF and why
circulates through sub arachnoid space (around brain n spinal cord) and within ventricles offers protection by cushioning brain from gentle movements
53
how do ventricles and subarachnoid space connect
via cisterns
54
What is CSF how much is there
120mls | clear colourless liquid which contains; protein urea, glucose and salts
55
what produces CSF
Ependymal cells in choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles (mainly)
56
What is Choroid plexus
- formed from modified ependymal cells | - form network of capillaries, large surface area
57
How is CSF absorbed
via arachnoid granulations (villi) eg in superior sagittal sinus
58
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricular system | often due to blocked cerebral aqueduct
59
What happens when build of fluid (CSF) in adults and children
= build up of pressure which can damage brain tissue since skull is hard in adults in children with soft skull pressure will cause skull to bulge and look abnormal as well as damaging the brain

NEURO (9 decks)

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