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NEURO > BASIC > Flashcards

BASIC Flashcards

1
Q

White matter contains

A

myelinated axons

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2
Q

`grey matter contains

A

cell bodes and no myelin sheets

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3
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

Myelinate axons in the brain (CNS)

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4
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in the rest of the body (PNS)

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5
Q

TRACTS?

A

location of a pathway e.g. spinothalamic tract

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6
Q

commissures

A

tract connecting one hemisphere to the other – TRACTS THAT CROSS THE MIDLINE

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7
Q

lemnisci

A

narrow strip of fibres

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8
Q

funiculi

A

rope or a cord

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9
Q

fasiculi

A

Bundle e.g. gracile fasiculus

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10
Q

Capsule

A

sheet of white matter fibres that border a nucleus of grey matter

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11
Q

column

A

longitudinally running fibres separates by other structures e.g. dorsal column

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12
Q

cortex

A

laminated grey matter on outside of brain e.e. motor cortex

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13
Q

NUCLEI

A

collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS e.g. ARCUATE NUCLEAU (in the thalamus, arises from the diencephalon)

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14
Q

ganglia

A

collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS I.E in the PNS e.g. dorsal root ganglia ( derived from neural crest cells) and some inside the CNS that have a capsule e/g/ basal ganglia

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15
Q

AFFERENTS

A

axons taking info towards the CNS e.g. sensory fibres

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16
Q

Efferents

A

axons taking info to another site from the CNS e.g. motor fibres

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17
Q

RETICULAR

A

‘netlike’ - where grey and white matter mix e.g. reticulare formation of brainstem

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18
Q

nuclei

A

abundance of neuronal cell bodies

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19
Q

axons are gathered into

A

tracts

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20
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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21
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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22
Q

Rostral

A

towards the nose (anterior)

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23
Q

`caudal

A

towards tail (posterior)

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24
Q

sulci

A

grooves

25
Q

gyri

A

ridges

26
Q

Function of frontal lobe

A
  • voluntary movement on opposite side of body
  • frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere controls speech (BROCAS AREA) and writingg ( of right handed then left hemisphere is dominant etc)
  • intelectual functioning, thought processes, reasoning and memory
27
Q

parietal lobe function

A

receives and interprets sensations, inc pain touch, pressure, size and body-part awareness -PROPRIOCEPTION

28
Q

Temporal lobe function

A
  • Understanding the spoken word (WERNICKE’S - understanding), ssounds as well as memory and emotion
29
Q

occipital lobe function

A

Understanding visual images and meaning of words

30
Q

underlying the cortex is what?

A

white matter

31
Q

function of thalamus

A

relay centre direction imputs to cortical areas

32
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

links endocrine system to brain and involved in homeostasis

33
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

consists of the cuadate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus:
motor control, cognition and non-motor behaviour. CAUDATE + PUTAMEN = STRIATUM
GLOBUS + PUTAMEN = LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

34
Q

Grey matter structures found deep in white matter and surround ventricles - give 3 examples

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
basal ganglia

35
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary motor movement and balance, equilibrium and muscle tone
essentially responsible for fine coordinated movement

36
Q

where does cerebellum lie and how is it attached

A

over dorsal surface of brainstem and attached by 3 Peduncles :

  • superior - to midbrain
  • middle - pons
  • inferior - medulla
37
Q

How is the cerebellum separated from the dorsal brainstem ?

A

by the 4th Ventricle, which forms part of its roof

38
Q

What is cerebellum made up of

A

folded cortex, white matter and deep inner nuclei

39
Q

What do cerebellar injuries result in

A

slow and uncoordinated movement

40
Q

ASYNERGIA

A

loss of coordination of motor movement

41
Q

INTENTION TREMOR

A

movement tremor

42
Q

HYPOTONIA

A

weak muscles

43
Q

NYSTAGMUS

A

abnormal eye movement

44
Q

Function of brainstem

A

many:

  • Special senses
  • sensory and motor for head and neck via cranial nerves
  • autonomic regulation of the body
  • regulates consciousness
  • pathway between brain and spinal cord
45
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi)
  • Cerebral peduncle (tegmentum & crus cerebri)
  • surrounds cerebral aqueduct
46
Q

Pons

A

bridge to cerebellum

47
Q

medulla oblongata

A

continous with spinal cord

48
Q

CNS contains 2 types of specialised cell

give e.gs of each

A
  • NERVE CELL/ NEURONE - e.g. pyramidal, stellate, golgu, purkinje
  • NEUROGLIA - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes % microglia
49
Q

What makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A
  • -endothelial cells
  • -pericytes (contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of capillaries and venules)
  • -astrocytes
50
Q

Features of BBB

A
  • Endothelial tight junctions
  • Astrocyte end feet
  • Pericytes
  • Continuous basement membrane (lacks fenestration)
  • Requires specific transported for glucose ions etc.
51
Q

CIRCUMVENTRULAR ORGANS

give e.g,

A

parts of brain that lack BBB

e.g. Posterior pituitary - need to be in contact with the blood for a sensory role to monitor

52
Q

Where is CSF and why

A

circulates through sub arachnoid space (around brain n spinal cord) and within ventricles

offers protection by cushioning brain from gentle movements

53
Q

how do ventricles and subarachnoid space connect

A

via cisterns

54
Q

What is CSF how much is there

A

120mls

clear colourless liquid which contains; protein urea, glucose and salts

55
Q

what produces CSF

A

Ependymal cells in choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles (mainly)

56
Q

What is Choroid plexus

A
  • formed from modified ependymal cells

- form network of capillaries, large surface area

57
Q

How is CSF absorbed

A

via arachnoid granulations (villi) eg in superior sagittal sinus

58
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricular system

often due to blocked cerebral aqueduct

59
Q

What happens when build of fluid (CSF) in adults and children

A

= build up of pressure which can damage brain tissue since skull is hard in adults

in children with soft skull pressure will cause skull to bulge and look abnormal as well as damaging the brain

NEURO (9 decks)

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