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Ancient history > Based on 850 facts about world history by Keven N. Keegan, 19 > Flashcards

Based on 850 facts about world history by Keven N. Keegan, 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

An ancient Sumerian text credited as the 1st great epic

A

Gilgamesh, written in cuneiform around 3000 BC

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2
Q

The founder of Egypt’s 4th dynasty

A

Snofru, in 2900 BC

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3
Q

Egypt’s 4th dynasty ruler following the founder Snofru, famous for building a one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world

A

Cheops (Khufu), ruled for 23 years and built the Great Pyramid at Giza ( only still standing 7 wonders of the ancient world).

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4
Q

Circa 2850 BC, Khafra, ruler from Egypt’s 4th dynasty

A

Khafra ( Chephren) built the Great Sphinx, 189 foot long symbol/ monument for the god Harmachis

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5
Q

Circa 2350 BC Mesopotamia

A

Akkadian Empire is founded by Sumer’s Sargon I. Holds power in Mesopotamia for next two centuries

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6
Q

“Land between 2 rivers”

A

Mesopotamia

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7
Q

Babylonia’s 6th king, circa 1750 BC

A

Hammurabi, conquered Mesopotamia, and left written code of laws ( Hammurabi’s Code). The code was later found on a column at Susa and translated.

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8
Q

Circa 1374 BC, Egypt

A

Monotheism introduced by Pharaoh Amenhotep lV & wife, Queen Nefertiti. Sun god Aten

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9
Q

Howard Carter’s discovery in 1922

A

The unspoiled tomb of boy king Tutankhamen (Tut) from circa 1349 BC

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10
Q

Circa 1275 BC the beginning of a 40 year journey

A

The Israelites begin the Exodus out of Egypt led by Moses & his brother Aaron

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11
Q

Exodus

A

40 year journey by the Israelites out of Egypt toward the Dead Sea in Canaan by way of Sinai Peninsula, Kadesh & Petra

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12
Q

Troy, circa 1193 BC

A

King Priam’s city of Troy falls to Greeks led by Agamemnon. Retold Centuries later by Homer In the Iliad ( at least Achilles role, but not the Trojan Horse

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13
Q

What event is left out of The Iliad?

A

Odysseus’ plot of the Trojan Horse. Homer instead chronicles Achilles withdrawal & re-entering of the Trojan War

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14
Q

The Odyssey

A

Homer’s epic telling of Odysseus’s 10 year journey home after the Trojan War

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15
Q

Circa 1000 BC, classic underdog battle

A

David beats Goliath & succeeds Saul as King of Judea for 40 years, & writes many of the psalms

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16
Q

Who succeeded King David of Judea?

A

David’s son Solomon. After his death in 930 BC, Judea is split into Israel & Judea

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17
Q

Circa 814 BC, North African city

A

Carthage, founded by Phoenicia, a dominant force in trade since 1250 BC, with earlier city’s Tyra& Sidon (more or less present day Lebanon. The Phoenicians also invented the alphabet

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18
Q

First Olympics

A

776 BC: First Olympics held where rivers Alpheus and Cladeus meet at Olympia

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19
Q

Circa 772 BC: Ephesus

A

Construction begins on Temple to Artemis (Diana) that becomes one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

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20
Q

753 BC: what city is founded on the Tiber River?

A

753 BC: Rome is founded on the banks of the Tiber River by brothers Romulus and Remus, who have been suckled by a she-wolf

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21
Q

621 BC: Athenian politician

A

Draco establishes very severe laws, which include the death pen­ altyfor sometimes trivial offenses; “Draconian” now a synonym for overly-harsh laws

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22
Q

Circa 612 BC: Medes and the Chaldeans

A

12 years after the death of Assyria’s King Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian capital at Nineveh is destroyed by the Medes and the Chaldeans

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23
Q

6th century BC Persian faith

A

The Persian religious leader Zoroaster (AKA Zarathustra) will found a faith
whose sacred literature will be the Zend-Avesta; Zoroaster’s teachings will dominate Persian religious thoughtfor centuries

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24
Q

Circa 605·561 BC: Babylonian ruler,

A

Nebuchadnezzar rules Babylonia, conquers Jerusalem (and carries the Jews off as prisoners in what will be called The Babylonian Captivity), and builds the Hanging Gardens (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World); in the Old Testament Book of Daniel; Nebuchadnezzar is depicted as conceited and eventually going mad and eating grass

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25
Q

594 BC: Athenian law

A

594 BC: The Athenian lawgiver Solon grants commoners the vote in the legislature, called the Assembly

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26
Q

Sapho

A

Circa 590 BC: The Greek poet Sappho flourishes on-the island of Lesbos and celebrates the love of women for women

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27
Q

Lao-tse

A

Chinese philosopher Lab-tse sets down principles of conduct in his Tao Te Ching circa 565 BC

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28
Q

Circa 550 BC: The Lydian king

A

Croesus (pronounced Cree-sis) will invent metal coinage and will become a legendary figure associated with great wealth (rich as Croesus)

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29
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

546 BC: Persia’s Cyrus the Great defeats King Croesus and executes him, then defeats the Babylonians (both Nabonidus and, in 539 BC, his son, Belshazzar). Cyrus captures Babylon and allows the Jews to return to Jerusalem

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30
Q

King Croesus

A

Croesus (pronounced Cree-sis) will invent metal coinage and will become a legendary figure associated with great wealth (rich as Croesus)

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31
Q

Confucius

A

551-479 BC: Life of Confucius, who focuses on tradition and ethics in The Analects

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32
Q

Pythaoras

A

6th Century BC: Pythagoras develops the Pythagorean Theorem concerning right triangles

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33
Q

Circa 528 BC, India

A

Circa 528 BC: Buddhism has its beginnings in India where Siddhartha Gautama, also knownasBuddha,foundsthereligion–whichincludestheFourNobleTruthsandtheEightfold Path of Righteous Living

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34
Q

The battle of Marathon

A

490 BC: Battle of Marathon: A Persian army sent by Darius is defeated by Athenians. Ac­cording to legend, Phideippides ran 22 miles–not 26–from the battlesite to Athens to announce the victor

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35
Q

Battle of Thermopylae

A

480 BC: Battle of Thermopylae: 200,000 Persians under Xerxes (son of Darius) eventually defeat a group of just 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians under Leonidas at this mountain pass (this battle allows the main Greek army to escape). The Persians eventually get to Athens and sack the city

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36
Q

480 BC the battle of Salamis

A

480 BC: Salamis: a key sea battle in which the Greeks under Themistocles defeat the Persian fleet (as 400 Greek boats ram more than 1000 Persian vessels in the Bay of Salamis) and Xerxes retreats to Persia

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37
Q

Aeschylus 484-460 BC

A

Circa 484-460 BC: Aeschylus becomes the first great ancient Greek tragedian with plays like Seven Against Thebes, Prometheus Bound, The Persians, and his Orestian Trilogy: Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides

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38
Q

458 BC: Roman General Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

A

458 BC: Roman General Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus is summoned from his farm to guard Rome against an invading force of Aequians. In 16 days, he is named dictator of Rome by the Senate, raises an army, whips the Aequians, resigns his position as dictator, and returns to his farm

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39
Q

461 BC

Pericles

A

461 BC: A so-called Golden Age of Athens begins under Pericles: under his direction, the Acropolis is rebuilt after it had been destroyed in 480 BC by the Persians. Pericles appoints Ictinus and Callicrates to do the rebuilding

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40
Q

449 BC

Herodotus

A

Circa 449 BC: The Greek historian Herodotus becomes the Father of History by his system­ atic secular narrative of the Persian Wars of the 5th century BC

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41
Q

Circa 441 BC: Euripides

A

Circa 441 BC: Euripides becomes the next great Greek tragedian and will write such works as The Bacchae, Medea, Hippolytus, The Trojan Women, and lphigenia

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42
Q

430s BC: Greek sculptor

A

430s BC: Phidias earns his reputation as the greatest sculptor of ancient Greece: he will sculpt
. the statue of Athena in the Parthenon, the friezes of the Parthenon, and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World)

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43
Q

Circa 435 BC: Sophocles

A

Circa 435 BC: Sophocles dominates Greek tragedy with his trilogy of plays: Oedipus Rex, Oedi­ pus at Colonus, and Antigone

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44
Q

Circa 431 BC: The Peloponnesian Wars begin

A

Circa 431 BC: The Peloponnesian Wars begin, as war between Athens and Sparta will last for the next 27 years. The Greek historian Thucydides will write his History ofthe Peloponnesian War and become the Father of Scientific History

45
Q

Circa 429 BC: Greek physician

A

Circa 429 BC: Hippocrates is known as the top physician in ancient Greece and uses dissection
.and vivisection of animals to study anatomy. The physician’s oath is named for him as the Hippocratic Oath (“lswear by Apollo physician, by Asclepias, by Health, by Panacea, and by all thegodsandgoddesses..:”)

46
Q

Circa 420 BC:

Greek comedy writer

A

Circa 420 BC: Aristophanes becomes ancient Greece’s first–and basically only–great writer of comedy with such works as Lysistrata (wives go on sex strike because husbands are always at war), The Birds, The Wasps, The Clouds, The Frogs

47
Q

404 BC: Peloponnesian War

A

404 BC: Sparta wins the Peloponnesian War

48
Q

399 BC: The Greek philosopher Socrates

A

399 BC: The Greek philosopher Socrates is condemned to drink hemlock for corrupting the youth of Athens–including his top pupil, Plato (who will write numerous dialogues in which Socrates is the central figure, including The Apology, which details Socrates’ death, and The Republic)

49
Q

Circa 350 BC: Construction at Halicarnassus

A

Circa 350 BC: The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is built by Artemsia as a tribute to her dead husband, King Mausolus of Caria, and becomes one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

50
Q

Greek historian Thucydides

A

Greek historian Thucydides will write his History ofthe Peloponnesian War and become the Father of Scientific History

51
Q

4th Century BC: Diogenes

A

4th Century BC: Diogenes preaches that the simple life is the best life, and dramatizes this by living in a bathtub. He also carries a lantern in daylight searching for an honest man

52
Q

347 BC: the Academy

A

347 BC: Plato founds the Academy, which includes amongits students Aristotle

53
Q

342 BC: Aristotle

A

342 BC: Aristotle returns to Macedon at the request of King Philip and becomes tutor to Alexander the Great; Aristotle will return to Athens in 335 BC, found the Lyceum, and write such works as The Poetics (rules for tragedy based on Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex), The Metaphys­ ics, The Physics, and Politics
I

54
Q

335 BC,

The Lyceum

A

founded by Aristotle in 335 BC upon his return to Athens

His works written there include:
The Poetics (rules for tragedy based on Sophocles' Oedipus Rex), The Metaphys­ics, The Physics, and Politics
55
Q

338 BC

Demosthenes

A

Athenian orator,

Known for the “Philippics,” brutal critics of Philip of Macedon

& practicing with a mouthful of pebbles to cure his stutter

56
Q

336 BC: Philip of Macedon

A

336 BC: Philip of Macedon is assassinated at Aeges during the wedding feast of his daugh­ ter. He is succeeded by Alexander, who goes on to conquer the entire known world atop his horse Bucephalus (and found Alexandria in Egypt in 332 BC) before his death in 323 BC

57
Q

Alexander’s horse

A

Bucephalus

58
Q

330 BC: the theory of Democritus

A

330 BC: Democritus postulates a primitive atomic theory by saying that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms

59
Q

330 BC

Ptolemy

A

330 BC: An ancient library that will become center of learning and contain as many as 700,000 scrolls–including much of Greek thought–is founded by Ptolemy at Alexandria. The sepa­ rate 400-foot-high Pharos–or lighthouse–at Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

60
Q

The first Roman aqueduct

A

312 BC: Appius Claudius Caecus begins construction of the first Roman aqueduct and also begins the road from Rome to Brundisium to be called The Appian Way

61
Q

Circa 300

“Elements”

A

Circa 300 BC: Greek mathematician Euclid flourishes in Alexandria and writes 13 volumes on geometry called Elements. When Ptolemy of Egypt wanted to learn geometry by the simpleway–rather than by plowing through Elements–he asked Euclid for help. Euclid’sre­ sponse: “There is no royal road to Geometry.”

62
Q

Circa 300 BC: Zeno of Citium

A

Circa 300 BC: Zeno of Citium founds Stoicism, urging that man should live according to reason
and be indifferent to pleasure and pain

63
Q

Circa 280

Chares of Lindus

A

280 BC: The Colossus of Rhodes by the sculptor Chares of Lindus is completed after 12 years as a bronze statue 120 feet high of the god Helios in the harbor on the island of Rhodes (and is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World); it is destroyed by an earthquake in 224 BC

64
Q

280 BC

: King Pyrrhus

A

280BC: King Pyrrhus of Epirus defeats a Roman army, but with great loss of life for Pyrrhus’s troops (hence the phrase: “pyrrhic victory” –one attained at great cost)

65
Q

260s BC: Archimedes

A

260s BC: Archimedes develops the Archimedian screw for raising water, develops the geomet­ ric lever (“Give me where to stand and I will move the earth”), and discovers law of specific gravity (“Eureka!”) while in his bathtub

66
Q

216 BC: Battle of Cannae

A

216 BC: Hannibal victorious over Romans at Battle of Cannae, as 40,000 Carthagenian troops defeat a 70,000-man Roman force in Second Punic War

67
Q

202 BC

theSecond Punic War

A

202 BC: Roman general Scipio Africanus defeats Carthagenian general Hannibal at Zama in North Africa in theSecond Punic War; Hannibal is also noted for taking elephants through the Alps to attack Rome. Hannibal poisons himself in 183 BC rather than be taken prisoner by Rome

68
Q

13-volume Almagest

A

Second Century BC: Greco-Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy flourishes.
He systematizes knowledge of Alexandrian men in his 13-volume Almagest and presented his geocentric theory of the universe that stood until Copernicus

69
Q

150 BC

Delenda est Carthago” (Carthage must be destroyed).

A

150 BC: Cato the Censor ends all of his speeches to the Roman Senate–regardless of topic–with the statement: “Delenda est Carthago” (Carthage must be destroyed).

70
Q

146 BC

Punic wars

A

Carthage falls to Rome in 146 BC in

the third and last of the Punic Wars and is razed. 50,000 Carthagenian men, women, and children are sold into slavery

71
Q

73-71 BC: slave revolt In Roman Empire

A

73-71 BC: A slave revolt breaks out against the Roman Empire and is led by Thracian slave Spartacus, who early on takes Naples and Mount Vesuvius. Spartacus is defeated by Marcus Lucinius Crassus

72
Q

60 BC:

Rome’s First Triumvirate

A

60 BC: Julius Caesar joins Pompey and Crassus to form Rome’s First Triumvirate

73
Q 
50s BC
 ("All Gaul is divided into three parts..."
A

50s BC: Julius Caesar conquers Gaul and writes his Commentaries on the Gallic Wars (“All Gaul is divided into three parts…”)

74
Q

49 BC

Alea acta. est,”–The die is cast–

A

49 BC: Against the ruling of the Roman Senate, Julius Caesar leads his troops across the Rubicon in a march on Rome (“Alea acta. est,”–The die is cast–he says as he plunges his horse into the river)

75
Q

48 BC

Pompey

A

48 BC: Julius Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus, then goes to Egypt and meets Cleopatra

76
Q

47 BC

Veni, Vidi, Vici”–I

A

47 BC: Julius Caesar defeats the King of Pontus in Asia Minor and sends back the noted mes­sage: “Veni, Vidi, Vici”–I came, I saw, I conquered

77
Q

44 BC

the Ides of March (March 15)

A

44 BC: Julius Caesar is made dictator for life; he is shortly thereafter assassinated at the Senate on the Ides of March (March 15). Successes of his reign include overseeing the so­ called Julian calendar

78
Q

43 BC

Rome’s Second Triumver­ate

A

43 BC: Octavian joins Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus to form Rome’s Second Triumver­ate

79
Q

42 BC

Marc Antony at Philippi

A

42 BC: Cassius and Brutus are defeated at Philippi by Marc Antony and Octavian–and com­mits suicide

80
Q

41 BC

Cleopatra

A

41 BC: Cleopatra, former mistress to Julius Caesar, begins relationship with Marc Antony

81
Q

37 BC

Judea

A

37 BC: Beginning of the reign of Herod in Judea

82
Q

31 BC:

battle at Actium-

A

31 BC: Octavian wins a major sea battle at Actium–and thus becomes ruler of entire Roman world–as Cleopatra escapes and Marc Antony retreats to Egypt. The Roman Senate (in 27 BC) will give Octavian the name Augustus Caesar and he will rule Rome until AD 14

83
Q

30 BC

The fate of Antony & Cleopatra

A

30 BC: Antony commits suicide after hearing a false report of Cleopatra’s death; Cleopatra
. subsequently commits suicide by putting a poisonousasptoherneck

84
Q

9 BC

The Aeneid

A

9 BC: Virgil writes the epic poem, The Aeneid about the founding of Rome by Aeneas, who leaves Carthage and his affair with Queen Dido to come to the Italian peninsula

85
Q

“Of arms and the man I sing”),

A

Virgil’s epic poem, The Aeneid begins: “Of arms and the man I sing”

86
Q

Circa 4 BC

Bethlehem

A

Circa 4 BC: The infant Jesus is born at Bethlehem to the carpenter Joseph and his wife Mary, who professes to be a virgin at the time of conception

87
Q

335 BC

The Poetics

A

Aristotle’s written rules for tragedy based on Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex

88
Q

Circa AD 30

The Garden of Gethesmane

A

Where Jesus was betrayed by Judas Iscariot for 30 silver pieces

89
Q

Circa AD 30

Pontus Pilate

A

Roman governor who crucified Jesus

He released the prisoner, Barabbas instead of Jesus by the crowd’s decree

90
Q

AD 30

The Crucifixion

A

Jesus is crucified by Pontius Pilate

Barabbas is chosen by the crowd to go free.

3 days after his death he is raised from the dead and eyewitnesses find his tomb emptY

91
Q

AD 30

Joseph of Arimethea

A

In the Bible, he buries Jesus

according to later legend, he later brings the Holy Grail to England

92
Q

AD 37:

Tiberius

A

Successor of Augustus, dies and is himself succeeded by his nephew Gaius Caesar, AKA Caligula

93
Q

Roman ruler named after the soldier’s boots he wore

A

Gaius Caesar, named Caligula after the caligae, or soldiers’ boots, he has worn
Infamous for excesses during his three years as ruler such as making his horse (Incitatus) a Roman senator. He is assassinated in AD 41 and succeeded by Claudius.

94
Q

AD 64

Fire

A

Nearly two-thirds of Rome is destroyed by fire (Nero, now emperor, does NOT fiddle while Rome burns, despite popular thought)

95
Q

AD 67:

The apostle Paul

A

is executed on the Via Ostia just outside Rome.

once known as Saul of Tarsus

converted to Christianity on the road to Damascus
known for his New Testament epistles

96
Q

AD 70

Jerusalem

A

Romans sack Jerusalem and destroy most of the Second Temple

One wall left standing will become known as The Wailing Wall (AKA: The Western Wall)

97
Q

AD 73

Masada

A

15,000 Romans attack the mountaintop fortress at Masada against 1000 Jewish zealots. All but two women and five children kill themselves to escape capture

98
Q

AD 79

Eruption

A

Mount Vesuvius erupts on the Bay of Naples, burying Pompeii and nearby Herculaneum

99
Q

AD 80

Emperor Titus

A

The Colosseum is dedicated by Emperor Titus as a great Flavian amphitheater with seating for 50,000

100
Q

Plutarch

A

Wrote Parallel Lives, biographies of Greeks and Romans (later used by William Shakespeare as the source for some of his plays)
He dies in AD 120:

101
Q

AD 122

Northern Britain

A

Hadrian’s Wall is erected along 72 miles in northern Britain as a defense against Picts and other tribesmen.’

102
Q

AD 161-180

Roman Empire

A

Marcus Aurelius is emperor of the Roman Empire
Writes Meditations, a compendium of his stoic philosophy;
Enacts systematic persecution of Christians,
his death in AD 180 marks the end of the Pax Romana, the period of peace that has existed under Roman rule for 200 years

103
Q

Pax Romana

A

the period of peace that has existed under Roman rule for 200 years
Ended in AD 180 after the death of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius

104
Q

Diophantus

A

Circa AD 250: Arithmetica by the Greek mathematician Diophantus at Alexandria provides the first written rules of algebra

105
Q

The first written rules of algebra

A

Circa AD 250: Arithmetica by the Greek mathematician Diophantus at Alexandria

106
Q

AD 312:

The Battle of Milvian Bridge (AKA Saxa Rubra)

A

north of Rome
gives Constantine victory over the despot Maxentius.
Prior to the battle, Constantine claims to have seen a flaming cross in the sky, with the words, “In hoc signo vinces” (by this sign you shall con­quer). Three years later, the Arch of Constantine is erected outside the Colosseum to com­ memorate victory at Milvian Bridge

107
Q

AD 315

The Arch of Constantine

A
  • Commemorates Constantine’s victory over the despot Maxentius the battle Milvian Bridge In AD 312
  • erected outside the Colosseum
108
Q

AD 313:

the Edict of Milan

A

Mandates Rome returns property that had been confiscated from Chris­tians–
and promotes toleration for Christians

Ancient history (3 decks)

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