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Neuro > Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

List four functions of the basal ganglia

A

Coordination of movements
Association/coupling of movements e.g. facial expressions with emotions
Sequences movements (puts them in order)
Suppresses unwanted movements

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2
Q

List some structures of the basal ganglia

A 
Striatum (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus external)
Subthalamic nucleus 
Claustrum 
Substantia nigra 
Ventral pallidum 
Nucleus accumbens 
Nucleus basalis of Meynert
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3
Q

Where does the Nucleus basalis of Meynert connect to and what is its importance?

A

It has cholinergic projections to the cortex

Important in memory

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4
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen

External globus pallidus

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5
Q

List two diseases of the basal ganglia circuitry

A

Parkinsons

Huntingtons

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6
Q

What are the four cardinal symptoms of Parkinsons?

A

I went to A Park and Hopped in the Breeze
and then I saw s’one with Parkinsons disease

Akinesia
Pill-rolling tremor
Hypomimic face
Bradykinesia

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A 
Chorea (jerky movements of proximal limbs, then distal limbs)
Speech impairment 
Dysphagia 
Unsteady gait
Personality changes
Cognitive decline (dementia, low mood)
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8
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease?

A

GABAergic neuron degeneration in the striatum, caudate then putamen

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9
Q

What is the order of GABAergic neuron degeneration in Huntington’s disease?

A

Striatum
Caudate
Putamen

SCP

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10
Q

Describe the genetic basis of Huntington’s disease and on which chromosome this occurs

A

Autosomal recessive triplet repeat (more than 35 CAG repeats on chromosome 4)

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11
Q

What are the three areas of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

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12
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Speech coordination

Limb movement coordination; adjustment of muscle tone

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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Coordinates skilled movement
Attention and cognition
Language processing
Emotional control

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14
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Regulates gait and posture

Coordinates head and eye movements

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebellum?

A

Molecular layer
Piriform layer
Granular layer

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16
Q

Which two things project to the cerebellum?

A

Inferior olive of medulla projects to piriform layer

Mossy fibres project to granular layer

17
Q

What projects to the piriform layer?

A

Inferior olive of medulla via climbing fibres

18
Q

What projects to the granular layer?

A

Mossy fibres

19
Q

What is the output from the cerebellum and where does this project to?

A

Deep nuclei/white matter in cerebellum

20
Q

Which fibres come from the granule layer?

A

Parallel fibres

21
Q

What are the symptoms of vestibulocerebellar syndrome and what do these resemble?

A

Gait ataxia
Tendency to fall, even when sitting and eyes open

Resembles vestibular disease symptoms

22
Q

What often causes vestibulocerebellar syndrome?

A

Tumour

23
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Impaired movement coordination and accuracy

24
Q

What kind of gait is associated with ataxia?

A

Disturbed posture or gait;

Wide, staggering, drunken gait

25
Q

What symptoms are associated with spinocerebellar syndrome?

A

Abnormal wide gait and stance

26
Q

Which part of the body does spinocerebellar syndrome mainly affect?

A

The legs

27
Q

What typically causes spinocerebellar syndrome?

A

Chronic alcoholism cause degeneration and atrophy of this part of the cerebellum

28
Q

What is affected in cerebrocerebellar syndrome?

A

Skilled coordinated movements (tremor)

Speech

29
Q

Which part of the body is typically affected by cerebrocerebellar syndrome?

A

Arms

30
Q

What are the main signs of cerebellar dysfunction?

A 
Ataxia
Dysmetria
Intention tremor
Dysdiadochokinesia 
Scanning speech
31
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inappropriate force and distance for target-directed movements
e.g. knocking over a cup rather than grabbing it

32
Q

What is intention tremor?

A

Increasing oscillatory trajectory of a limb in a target-directed movement e.g. when you ask the patient to touch their nose

33
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements

34
Q

What is scanning speech?

A

Staccato (broken up speech) due to impaired coordination of speech muscles

Neuro (11 decks)

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