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Semester 5 FSNM Exam 2 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Ganglia function

A

goal oriented mvmnt, automaticity, efficient and selective production of well learned motor plans

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2
Q

Basal ganglia has more of a connection with what motor area

A

SMA

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3
Q

Cerebellum has more of a connection with what motor area

A

PMA

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4
Q

Basal ganglia plays an important and major role in what (most cutting edge role)

A

Selection! focusing neural activity and supressing alternative mvmnt patterns based on some sort of reward or motivation of the person

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5
Q

Basal ganglia is a group of

A

nuclei
GREY MATTER!
cell bodies of neurons that live together

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6
Q

What makes up the stiratum

A

caudate and putamen

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7
Q

What are the input components of the BG

A

Striatum! Caudate and putamen

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8
Q

Caudate receives info from where

A

prefrontal

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9
Q

Caudate receives what type of info

A

cognitive

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10
Q

Putamen receives info from where

A

primary motor

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11
Q

Putamen receives what type of info

A

motor

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12
Q

5 nuclei of the BG

A 
Caudate
Putamen
GP (GPi and GPe)
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
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13
Q

Globus pallidus does what

A

integration of infomation

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14
Q

Globus pallidus is made up of what

A

Gp internus and externus

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15
Q

Subthalamic nucleus (STN) is located where

A

below the thalamus

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16
Q

Substantia nigra is located where

A

midbrain

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17
Q

what is in the internal capsule

A

white matter - axons from the cortex - major highway of ascending and descending pathways - lateral cortical spinal tract
It houses the largest descending pathways

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18
Q

BG components include

A

input, modulator, output, facilitator

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19
Q

BG input

A

striatum (caudate and putamen)

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20
Q

BG modulator

A

substantia nigra compacta

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21
Q

SN compacta - known for what

A

Parkinsons - SN has dopamine producing cells

Internal circuitry of BG relies on dopamine so when not producing dopamine correctly - get mvmnt disorder

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22
Q

BG output

A

GP internus

Substantia nigra reticulata

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23
Q

GP internus acts directly on the

A

thalamus

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24
Q

BG facilitator

A

subthalamic nucleus

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25
Q

BG gets input from wide variety of areas and integrates this and then goes to the thalamus and targets the same cortical areas - T or F

A

TRUE!

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26
Q

Skeletal motor loop/body mvmnt loop/motor circuit - where does it get input from

A

primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor

27
Q

Cognitive loop/Corticothalamic loops/oculomotor and prefrontal get input from where

A

Prefrontal mainly

28
Q

Motor loop - circuit

A

MI, premotor, SMA - putamen - GP - thalamus

29
Q

Cognitive loop - circuit

A

Prefrontal- caudate - GP - thalamus

30
Q

Limbic loop - gets input from where

A

Amygdala
Orbital frontal
Ant cingulate

31
Q

Limbic loop - circuit

A

Amygdala/orbital frontal/ant cingulate - striatum - GP - Thalamus

32
Q

Is the BG only getting input from motor areas

A

NO - all of these are linking cognition with mvmnt in some way

33
Q

BG represents ____ function

A

distributed!

34
Q

BG motor circuit - within the circuit there are ___ and ___ pathways

A

Direct and Indirect!

35
Q

Direct pathway of the motor circuit - function

A

Drives the cortex gas!

36
Q

Direct pathway of the motor circuit - what does it do - how does it work

A

Reduces inhibitory output to thalamus (inhibit gpi)

37
Q

Direct pathway of the motor circuit - What is the end result from it

A

thalamocortical neurons are activated

38
Q

What do you need for the motor pathways to work

A

SN to supply the dopamine!

39
Q

Output from putamen is what

A

inhibitory

40
Q

Output from gpi is what

A

inhibitory

41
Q

Putamen is sending inhibition to the gpi which means what

A

it is inhibiting the inhibitor so the net is excitatory

42
Q

What is the net effect of the direct motor circuit pathway

A

Excitatory!

43
Q

The direct motor circuit focuses and facilitates what

A

Wanted/Intended movement

44
Q

What is the hyperdirect pathway

A

Turns on STN (subthalamic nucleus) which turns on gpi which makes gpi send out inhibition to the thalamus

45
Q

Function of hyperdirect pathway

A

It is in constant use to tonically inhibit these neurons so that we arent moving around so much - and then the direct and indirect pathways decide what input will go through and what will not

46
Q

BG allows you to ___ neural activity

A

focus

47
Q

BG - indirect motor pathway - function

A

reduces drive of the cortex

BRAKE

48
Q

Indirect pathway of the motor circuit - what does it do - how does it work

A

Inc inhibitory output to thalamus

Facilitates gpi vis gpe and STN

49
Q

Indirect pathway of the motor circuit - What is the end result from it

A

Inhibits the thalamocortical neurons

Less info going back up to cortex - so whatever the plan was is not being facilitated

50
Q

Net effect of the indirect motor pathway

A

Inhibitory

51
Q

Parkinsons disease - what is going on at striatum

A

Reduced facilitation

52
Q

Parkinsons - the direct pathway

A

is not facilitated

53
Q

Parkinsons - the indirect pathway

A

is not inhibited

54
Q

Losing the direct path (parkinsons) leads to what

A

gpi is not getting checked so is in a constant state of inhibition
continuously working off hyperdirect which is inhibitory

55
Q

More specifically what do you lose with parkinsosn

A

the gas pedal to the movements planned by the SMA

internally generated movements

56
Q

Why do auditory and visual cues work for patients with parkinsons

A

External cue so it is using a different pathway - not internally generated anymore! External cues will drive the premotor system which is still working! cbm and PMA are fine!

57
Q

BG - Huntington’s is what

A

reduced inhibitory gpi output

58
Q

BG - Huntingtons - what happens to direct and indirect pathways

A

Indirect pathway is lost
Gpe is inhibiting gpi
Lose gpi inhibition of the thalamus

59
Q

BG - huntingtons- end result

A

movement is facilitated

You have involuntary, unpurposeful movement

60
Q

BG - subserves what

A

goal directed bx related to cognition, movement, mood

61
Q

BG - circuits link what

A

cortex and BG

62
Q

BG - simultaneously activated indirect and direct pathways fxn to

A

produce focused selection of an intended response

63
Q

BG - direct pathway - ____ ____ cortical pattern generating neurons

A

selectively activates

64
Q

BG - indirect pathway - ___ ___ of pattern generating cortical neurons

A

general inhibition

Semester 5 FSNM Exam 2 (3 decks)

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