Basal ganglia

Question 1

5 nuclei

Answer 1

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamus

Question 2

corpus striatum

Answer 2

caudate+putamen+globus pallidus

Question 3

striatum

Answer 3

caudate+putamen

GABA

Question 4

lenticular or lentiform nucleius

Answer 4

putamen+ globus pallidus

Question 5

nucleus accumbens

Answer 5

special area functionally - connected with limbic system and plays a role in addiction
anterior are where caudate and putamen are continuous ventrally

Question 6

globus pallidus internal segment

Answer 6

major output of corpus striatum
projects to the VA/Vl nuclei of the thalamus via the lenticular fasciculus and ansa lenticularis
inputs- striatum, GPe, subthalamic nucleus
uses GABA

Question 7

globus pallidus external segment

Answer 7

receives inputs from striatum
outputs to GPi and subthalamus
uses GABA

Question 8

pars compacta

Answer 8

cell dense portion
substantia nigra
dopamine
contain neuromelanin - gray/black color

Question 9

pars reticulata

Answer 9

substantia nigra

GABA

Question 10

subthalamic nucleus

Answer 10

ventral to thalamus
connected to striatum and substantia nigra
glutamate

Question 11

corticostriate

Answer 11

glutamate

Question 12

thalamocortical

Answer 12

glutamate

Question 13

parkinsonism

Answer 13

loss of dopaminergic inputs to striatum from substantia nigra
leads to lack of movement
akinesia with hypertonia
difficulty initiating movements
cog-wheel rigidity
tremore-at-rest
festinating gait
expressionless mask

Question 14

cholinergic neurons

Answer 14

in striatum
excite indirect pathway and inhibit direct pathway
net decrease in movement

Question 15

chorea

Answer 15

loss of cholinergic interneurons in striatum
loss of inhibition of direct pathway and loss of control of the indirect pathway
excessive, unwanted, uncontrollable movements
involve distal extremities, tongue, face
irregular, brisk, jerky

Question 16

basal ganglia function

Answer 16

planning voluntary motor movements
crucial in initiation and early processing
influences outputs of motor cortical areas despite no connection to LMNs

Question 17

damage

Answer 17

motor distrubances-
tremor/involuntary movements
change in tone/posture
slowness of movements
neuropsychological issues

Question 18

putamen inputs

Answer 18

sensorimotor cortical

Question 19

head of caudate inputs

Answer 19

prefrontal cortex

Question 20

tremor-at-rest

Answer 20

pill-rolling
dyskinesia
fingers, hand and forearm
tremor present during inactivity and disappears during sleep and movement

Question 21

athetosis

Answer 21

dyskinesia
slow writhing movements of neck, trunk, extremities
worm-like

Question 22

ballism

Answer 22

subthalamic lesion
contralateral
large flailing movements of extremities involving proximal m.