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Neuroscience E3 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Lesions of the basal ganglia result in ___________ and characterized by what?

A

“movement disorders” characterized by specific dyskinesias

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2
Q

Slowed movements

A

Bradykinesia

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3
Q

decreased amount of movements

A

hypokinesia

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4
Q

absence of movement

A

akinesia

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5
Q

twisting movements of the limb, face, and trunk

A

Athetosis

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6
Q

Huntington’s Disease is associated with what 2 movement disorders?

A

Athetosis

Chorea

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7
Q

What types of medications can cause athetosis/chorea?

A

antipsychotic and anitemetic medications

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8
Q

Continuous involuntary movements, fluid or jerky quality “break dancing”

A

Chorea

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9
Q

movements of proximal limb muscles with larger-amplitude and more flinging quality (usually unilateral due to lesion in contralateral subthalamic nucleus)

A

Ballismus

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10
Q

Rhythmic or semirhythmic oscillating movements

A

Tremor

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11
Q

Increased resistance to passive movement of a limb

A

Rigidity

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12
Q

Sustained assumption of abnormal, often distorted, positions of the limbs trunk or face.

A

Dystonia

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13
Q

4 cardinal features of Parkinson’s Disease

A
  1. Tremor
  2. Rigidity
  3. Bradykinesia
  4. Postural Instability
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14
Q

Difference between lead pipe rigidity and cog-wheel rigidity

A

lead pipe - uniform rigidity throughout range of motion

cog wheel - rigidity is interrupted by series of brief relaxations

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15
Q

7 possible causes of PD

A
  1. idiopathic
  2. Encephalitis lethargica
  3. MPTP (contaminant in heroin)
  4. Head trauma
  5. Antipsychotic drugs
  6. Poisoning with manganese or carbon monoxide
  7. Pesticides
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16
Q

6 treatments for PD

A
  1. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (prevent dopamine breakdown)
  2. Dopamine agonist drugs (mimic dopamine)
  3. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
  4. Levodopa L-DOPA (dopamine precursor)
  5. Deep Brain Stimulations
  6. Surgical Lesions - Ablations
17
Q

Combination drug used with L-DOPA

A

Sinemet

18
Q

Sign that L-DOPA is failing

A

dyskinesia (head bobbing, lip smacking, tongue thrusting, leg writhing, hand clasping, trunk twisting)

19
Q

What does DBS do?

A

Continuous stimulus that reduces the discharge of action potentials of cells to rebalance control messages

20
Q

Where may the electrode of DBS be placed?

A
  1. thalamus to treat disabling tremor
  2. globus pallidus to treat disabling dyskinesias and tremor
  3. Subthalamic nucleus to treat bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity
21
Q

2 Types of surgical lesions for PD

A
  1. Thalamotomy ( destorys a small part to treat tremors)

2. Pallidotomy ( destroys a small part to treat akinesia)

22
Q

2 causes of Huntington’s Disease?

A
  1. Loss of cholinergic and GABA-ergic neurons in the striatum - thought to cause choreiform movements
  2. Loss of cortical cells thought to cause impaired cognitive functions and dementia
23
Q

Extrapyramidal motor disorder characterized by violent flinging of one extremity or both?

A

Hemiballism or Ballism

24
Q

What causes Ballism/hemiballism?

A

Vascular infarct, hemorrhage or tumor of the subthalamic nucleus

25
Q

5 (but really 6) nuclei of the basal ganglia

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus (interna/externa)
  4. subthalamic
  5. substantia nigra (par reticulate and pars compacta)
  6. nucleus accumbens
26
Q

Lenticular Nucleus is made up of what?

A

Putamen + globus pallidus

27
Q

Caudate + putamen + globus pallidus =

A

corpus striatum

28
Q

Striatum/neostriatum is made up of?

A

caudate + putamen

29
Q

4 channels the basal ganglia plays a role in?

A
  1. Motor Channel
  2. Occulomotor Channel (eye movement)
  3. Limbic Channel (emotions)
  4. Prefrontal Channel (cognitive)
30
Q

T/F The basal ganglia have no direct connections to the motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

True

31
Q

4 parts of the motor channel

A
  1. Formulation of general motor plans
  2. Execution of specific motor plans
  3. Scaling of motor intensity
  4. Automatic execution of learned motor plans
32
Q

Acetylcholinergic nerurons play important roles in what part of the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum

Neuroscience E3 (3 decks)

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