Bandura

Question 1

Triadic Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 1

belief that cognition, behavior, and the environment operate interactively as determinants of one another

Question 2

Assumptions in social-cognitive approach

Answer 2

Assumes that we represent external events symbolically

Assumes that most of our behavior is not controlled by immediate external reinforcement

Question 3

Anticipated Outcome

assumption

Answer 3

xx

Question 4

modeling

Answer 4

a behavior modification technique that involves observing the behavior of others (models) and participating with them in performing the desired behavior

Question 5

Modeling theory, influences of models, observers, and vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 5

much behavior- good and bad, normal and abnormal is learning by imitating the behavior of other people

Question 6

Influences of the models

Answer 6

age and gender play role in modeling. Children tend to imitate the behavior of an adult model of the same sex. Similarity between model and observer effects imitation

Question 7

Influences Observers

Answer 7

range of responses: low self esteem/confidence are more likely to imitate a models behavior rather than those with high esteem/confidence

Question 8

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 8

willingness to imitate the behavior of a model after observing that the model was reinforced for the behavior

Question 9

Process of observational learning

Answer 9

1. Attentional Processes
2. Retention Processes
3. Production Processes
4. Incentive & Motivational Processes

Question 10

Attentional Processes

Answer 10

developing our cognitive processes and perceptual skills so that we can pay sufficient attention to the model and perceiving the model accurately enough to imitate displayed behavior. example staying awake during driver education course

Question 11

Retention Process

Answer 11

retaining or remembering the model’s behavior so that we can imitate or repeat it at a later time; encoding mental images and verbal descriptions
ex: taking notes during lecture

Question 12

Production Processes

Answer 12

translating the mental images or verbal symbolic representations of the models behavior into our own overt behavior by physically producing the responses and receiving feedback on the accuracy of the model’s behavior.
example: driving with drive instructor and shifting gears and dodging cones

Question 13

Incentive and Motivational Process

Answer 13

perceiving that the models behavior leads to a reward and thus expecting that our learning and successful performance of the same behavior will lead to similar consequences. example expecting that when we have mastered driving skills, we will pass the state test and receive a drivers license

Question 14

Efficacy Expectation

Answer 14

our feeling of adequacy, efficiency and competence in coping with life

Question 15

Efficacy expectations depend on four factors:

Answer 15

Performance accomplishments
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal

Question 16

Performance Accomplishments

Answer 16

the most influential source of efficacy : prior achievements demonstrate our capabilities and strengthen our feelings of self-efficacy

Question 17

Vicarious Experiences

Answer 17

seeing other people perform successfully- if they can do it I can do it

Question 18

Verbal Persuasion

Answer 18

means reminding people that they possess the ability to achieve whatever they want to achieve, can enhance self-efficacy

Question 19

Emotional Arousal (physiological and emotional)

Answer 19

judge by how fearful/calm, stressed/calm we feel in situations basis for judging our ability to cope

Question 20

Research findings on aggression and modeling

Answer 20

xx

Question 21

Research summary on Efficacy Expectations

Answer 21

Academic development and achievement- higher efficacy higher achievement

Career choices and job performance:

Physical and mental health: conquering phobias and physical pain

Question 22

High/low Efficacy Expectations

Answer 22

xx

Question 23

Multiple Models in explaining Personality Development

Answer 23

Parents:

=On the plus side, imitation of parents’ behaviors often meets with reward =On the minus side, parents who severely punish their children or are cold and impersonal are likely to have children with behavioral problems

Multiple models:
=Children eventually learn to apply self-reinforcers and self- punishers to their own behavior

Question 24

Behavior modification techniques

Answer 24

modeling technique to eliminate fears and other intense emotional reactions

guided participation: involves watching a live model and then participating with the model

covert modeling: subjects are instructed to imagine a model coping with a feared of threating situation; but they do not actually see a model