Bandaging and Wound Care Flashcards
1
Q
When casting a limb, for optimal effectiveness, which joints must the cast immobilize?
A
The joints proximal and distal to the injury
2
Q
What are the disadvantages of second intention wound healing?
A
Length of time required
Cost associated with prolonged treatment
Fragility of new wound
Loss of function as a result of scarring or contraction
Poor cosmetic results
3
Q
A traction splint constructed of rods used for stabilizing long bone fractures in large animals
A
Modified Thomas Splint
4
Q
A surgical wound that enters the GI tract would be considered:
A
Clean-Contaminated
5
Q
What is the preferred solution for lavaging a wound?
A
Warm isotonic crystalloid
6
Q
Why should care be taken not to get an antiseptic such as iodine or chlorhexidine in a wound?
A
They are cytotoxic to wound cells
7
Q
A sling used in puppies after repair of distal femoral fractures to prevent quadriceps tie-down or contracture:
A
90/90 Flexion Sling
8
Q
How are ‘clean wounds’ classified?
A
Autramatic and surgically created under sterile conditions
9
Q
Define ‘laceration’
A
A sharp cut or tear of skin
10
Q
What type of debridement can convert a small, contaminated wound into a clean wound?
A
En Bloc Debridement
11
Q
Give an example of biological debridement:
A
Maggots
12
Q
What type of wound closure is accomplished by apposing the skin over new, healthy granulation tissue?
A
Secondary Closure
13
Q
An area of skin that has been superficially scraped off would be considered what type of wound?
A
Abrasion
14
Q
A surgical wound with a major break in sterile technique would be considered:
A
Contaminated
15
Q
What type of environment promotes wound healing by enhancing cell migration and cleanup?
A
Moist wound environment
16
Q
Which sling is meant to internally rotate and abduct the femur to maintain reduction?
A
Ehmer
17
Q
A teflon pad is an example of this wound dressing:
A
non-adherent
18
Q
A splint that maintains the limb in full extension; includes a lateral splint that reaches over the shoulder or hip.
A
Spica Splint
19
Q
When should wound drains typically be removed?
A
3-5 days
20
Q
No closure of a wound will lead to:
A
Second Intention Healing
21
Q
A natural wound with minor contamination would be considered:
A
Contaminated
22
Q
A device used to immobilize fractures that is most often made of fiberglass material:
A
Cast
23
Q
A surgical wound with a minor break in sterile technique would be considered:
A
Clean-contaminated
24
Q
Define ‘hypotonic’
A
Having an osmotic pressure lower than that of blood plasma
25
Why might a head bandage be applied?
After surgery to absorb drainage
To provide compression against dead space
To protect ear from injury caused by head shaking
26
Ehmer Sling
27
How often should a support bandage be changed and checked for complications?
every 7 days
28
What factors might reduce an animals ability to heal?
Endocrinopathies
Chronic Viral Infections
Diabetes Melitus
Hyperglycemia
Orthopedic or Neurologic Problems
Poor Nutritional Status
Low protein and albumen levels
Obesity
29
What is the term for removal of foreign matter and dead tissue from a wound?
Debridement
30
How do active drains function?
By creating a vacuum within the wound and allowing the fluid to be removed via a rigid fenestrated drain into an external collection container.
31
Give at least one example of a secondary layer material:
Cotton Sheets
Cast Padding
Military Field Bandage
Rolled Cotton
Quilted Leg Wraps
32
After how many days does contraction of the wound begin?
7
33
What type of closure is appropriate for failed primary wound closure?
Secondary Closure
34
Why can penetrating wounds be difficult to assess?
They often cause extensive injury to deeper tissues that is not apparent on inspection of the skin
35
After how many days does epithelization begin?
4-5
36
Give at least one example of a Primary Layer Adherent material
Sterile wide-mesh gauze
37
During which stage of wound healing is dehiscence most likely to occur?
Inflammatory
38
A device used to prevent abduction of the pelvic limbs, used after reduction of ventral hip luxations.
Hobbles
39
In terms of contamination, an open traumatic wound would be considered:
Contaminated
40
How are 'clean contaminated' wounds classified?
Created by controlled, surgical entry into contaminated areas (GI tract, resp tract, urogenital tract)
41
Describe the difference between healthy wound exudate and infected wound discharge
Healthy wounds may exude clear, serosanguinous fluid
Infected wounds discharge can be copious with varying consistency, color, and odor
42
What is the name for cells that are recruited during the proliferative phase that help to form granulation tissue?
Fibroblasts
43
What is the name for the vascularized fibrous tissue that covers a wound if left to heal by second intention?
Granulation Tissue
44
What degree of burn is described as a burn that involves tissues deep to the skin?
Fourth-Degree Burn
45
Which cell has contractile properties and is responsible for wound contraction?
Myofibroblast
46
When removing an equine distal limb cast, which surfaces should be split?
Medial and Lateral
47
A surgical wound into the respiratory tract would be considered:
Clean-Contaminated
48
What bandage type causes nonselective debridement?
Wet-to-dry
49
Give at least one example of a Primary Layer nonadherent, semiocclusive material:
Curagel Hydrogel
Hydrosorb Plus Foam
Ultec Hydrocolloid Dressing
Bioclusive Polyurethane Film
50
How are 'contaminated' wounds classified?
Recent traumatic wound with bacterial contamination (ie: soil, saliva) or major contamination by bacteria during surgical procedures (GI or urogenital tract)
51
Forelimb splints should be applied to which surface of the limb?
Caudal
52
What bandage is most frequently used for small animal patients?
Modified Robert Jones
53
Skin that may appear yellow-white, black, or charred can be classified as what degree of burn?
Second-Degree
54
Secondary closure of a wound will lead to:
Third Intention Healing
55
What signs might warn of a pressure sore beginning to form?
Redness of the skin and hair loss
56
When a wound heals by granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and contraction, it has healed by _____ intention.
Second Intention
57
Primary closure of a wound will lead to:
First Intention Healing
58
What type of dressing allows moisture and air to move through?
Semi-occlusive.
59
Define 'hydrophilic'
Having an affinity for water.
60
Skin that is thick, leathery, and often black can be classified as what degree of burn?
Third-Degree Burn
61
A wound with a high bacterial count would be considered:
Dirty and Infected
62
Give at least one example of a Primary Layer nonadherent, nonocclusive material:
Teflon Pads
Petrolium-Impregnated Gauze
63
Give at least one example of a tertiary layer material:
Elastikon adhesive tape
Vetwrap Elastic Bandage
Flannel Track Wrap
Kling Conforming Gauze
Ace Bandage
64
After how many days does granulation begin to form?
3-5
65
Define 'inguinal'
Pertaining to the groin area
66
Give at least one example of a Primary Layer nonadherent occlusive material:
NU-GEL hydrogel
Tegaderm Transparent Dressing
Tegaderm hydrocolloid
67
Carpal Flexion Sling
68
How often should a bandage covering a wound with a lot of exudate be replaced?
3 times a day
69
Give at least one example of a Primary Layer hypertonic or hyperosmolar material:
Honey
Granulated Sugar
20% Sodium Chloride Dressing
70
Skin that is red and painful can be classified as what degree of burn?
First-Degree Burn
71
Why is appropriate management of dead space important?
Because fluid accumulation increases risk of infection and can further separate tissue plains
72
What is the name for the mesh-like substance in a wound that is attached to the outer cell surface, that provides support and anchorage?
Extracellular Matrix
73
Define 'eschar'
Thick, leathery, black layer of dead tissue
74
This is deposited into a wound by fibroblasts during the proliferative phase of healing:
Collagen
75
A wound that has healed by secondary closure after allowing granulation tissue to form has healed by ____ intention
Third Intention
76
How much of it's original strength does wound tissue regain?
80%
77
What is the name for the space between two tissues that allows accumulation of fluid?
Dead Space
78
A wound healed across a surgically closed incision is healed by ____ intention.
Primary Intention
79
Robert Jones Bandage
80
What makes a bandage 'occlusive'?
The bandage is impermeable to moisture and air.
81
Which intention of healing is most often used on a distal limb in situations where there is little available skin?
Second Intention
82
How many organisms per gram of tissue must be present for a wound to be considered 'infected'?
100,000 (10^5) organisms per gram of tissue
83
What type of closure is appropriate for wounds with some contamination, to eliminate infection?
Delayed Primary Closure
84
Velpeau Sling
85
What does it mean when a cast is 'bivalved'?
The cast has been cut on both sides to create a top and bottom half
86
In terms of contamination, an old traumatic wound would be considered:
Dirty and Infected
87
The most commonly used distal limb bandage in small animals; also known as a soft-padded bandage:
Modified Robert Jones Bandage
88
Modified Robert Jones
89
An immobilization device with a rigid metal frame (no longer recommended)
Shroeder-Thomas Splint
90
Which closure is defined as surgical closure of a wound?
Primary Closure
91
How are 'dirty' wounds classified?
Older wounds with obvious infection. More than 10^5 bacterial organisms per gram of tissue.
92
Define 'hypertonic'
Having an osmotic pressure greater than that of blood plasma
93
Rear limb splints should be applied to which surface of the limb?
Lateral
94
A very bulky bandage used to immobilize a limb distal to the elbow or stifle joint:
Robert Jones Bandage
95
Define 'isotonic'
Having an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of blood plasma
96
Why is healthy granulation tissue pink?
Because of an abundance of capillaries
97
Give an example of Mechanical Debridement:
Wet-to-dry Bandage
98
When is a tie-over bandage used?
On locations where traditional limb bandages cannot be used or would be impractical, such as the inguinal areas
99
Hobbles
100
In what phase of healing can you use a wet-to-dry bandage for debridement?
Inflammatory
101
Define 'en bloc resection'
A small wound that has been excised completely and closed primarily
102
This tissue is also known as 'proud flesh' in horses:
Exuberant Granulation Tissue
103
What material is preferred to use for casts?
Fiberglass
104
During what phase is wound strength the lowest?
Inflammatory
105
A sling used for the forelimb in any situation where weight beating should be avoided, but some movement of the elbow and shoulder is acceptable.
Carpal Flexion Sling
106
A device that prevents weight bearing of the pelvic limb; frequently used after closed reduction of craniodorsal hip luxations
Ehmer Sling
107
What causes 'decubitus ulcers'?
Pressure on skin over bony prominences.
108
90/90 Flexion Sling
109
What is the name for the process in which skin cells advance in a single layer across the wound?
Epithelialization
110
How do passive drains function?
By allowing fluid to flow along the drain surface as the result of capillary action.
111
What type of injury features a large section of skin torn off the underlying tissue?
Degloving Injury
112
Why is water soluble lubricant applied to a wound before the hair around the wound is clipped?
To catch the hair falling into the wound and to allow it to be flushed out after clipping
113
To be considered primary closure, the wound closure must occur before what type of tissue is formed?
Granulation
114
Define 'contralateral'
The opposite side.
115
For how long can a patient use a non-weight bearing sling?
2-3 weeks
116
What makes up wound exudate?
White blood cells and fluid leaked from vessels and lymphatics
117
What is the other term for excessive granulation tissue?
Proud Flesh
118
In terms of contamination, a surgical wound would be considered:
Clean
119
Describe 're-epithelialization'
Epithelial cells migrating across healthy granulation tissue to re-establish a barrier between wound and enviornment
120
If the correct antimicrobial was selected, how long should it take an infection to resolve after initiation of treatment?
2-3 days
121
A device that prevents weight bearing of the thoracic limb; primarily used after reduction of medial shoulder luxations:
Velpeau Sling
