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BAMS: Respiration (gas exchange) Flashcards

1
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

volume when you finish an inspiration and take an even deeper breath in

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3
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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4
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

If one takes a huge breath in to fill the lungs maximally and forces the air out to the point where no further air can be pushed out

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5
Q

what is residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in lungs when you exhale the max amount of air you can from the lungs

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6
Q

what is functional residual capacity?

A

volume of air left in lungs at end of normal exhalation, before next inhalation

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7
Q

in alveoli and capillaries, how do gases move?

A

DOWN concentration gradients by DIFFUSION

from area of high concentration to area of low

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8
Q

in a typical young healthy individual what is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2?

A

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

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9
Q

what must the sum of partial pressures of a gas equal?

A

must be equal to total pressure

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10
Q

what does partial pressure of gas =

A

partial pressure of gas = fraction of gas in gas mixture x barometric pressure

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11
Q

what must be take into account when calculating the partial pressure of O2 when breathed into the body?

A

need to take into account the partial pressure of the water - as the air is humidified and becomes saturated with water vapor

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12
Q

what is the equation of the partial pressure of O2 in the trachea (taking into account air becoming saturated with water vapor)

A

Partial pressure of O2 = barometric pressure - the partial pressure of water x fraction of gas in the air

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13
Q

in the respiratory tree, what is included in the ‘conducting airways’?

A

trachea, bronchi containing cartilage, non-respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

in the respiratory tree, what is included in the ‘respiratory unit’?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts

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15
Q

each division of bronchi results in what?

A

an increase in number, a decrease in diameter and an increase in surface area for gas exchange to occur

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16
Q

does the conducting airways participate in gas exchange?

A

no

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17
Q

what does the conducting airways form?

A

anatomic dead space

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18
Q

how much of each breath remains in the conducting airways?

A

150mls in volume (30% of average breath)

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19
Q

does gas exchange occur in respiratory airway (from terminal bronchioles to alveoli)?

A

yes

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20
Q

how big is the respiratory airway and how much volume can be contained here?

A

region is ~5mm long
~2500ml volume (a lot!)

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21
Q

what is the basic physiological unit of the lungs (where gas exchange occurs)?

A

respiratory unit

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22
Q

what is the respiratory unit composed of?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli sacks

23
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery bring to the lungs?

A

deoxygenated

24
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary vein take away from the lungs?

A

oxygenated

25
example of how well adapted the respiratory system is anatomically to its function
close interface between the blood vessels and the alveolar sacs - O2 needs to move from the alveolar sacs into the bloods and because there is close association between the blood vessels and the inside of the alveolar sacs, this aids in the movement of O2 from one area to the next
26
what type of cells are alveoli sacs composed of?
type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells
27
what are type 1 epithelial cells in the alveolar sacs?
occupy 97% of surface area of alveoli primary site of gas exchangew
28
what are type 2 epithelial cells (septal cells) in the alveolar sacs?
occupy 3% surface area produce pulmonary surfactant - reduces surface tension and allows the lungs to expand during each breath
29
what happens if the septal cells (type 2 epithelial cells) are not differentiated/mature enough in premature babies?
babies unlikely to survive because the surfactant from these cells is vital for proper functioning of the lungs - for the lungs to expand and bring in air rich in O2
30
what do alveolar macrophages do?
remove debris
31
what is there close association of in the respiratory unit of the lungs (aids in gas exchange)
close association between blood vessels and alveolar sacs
32
how are the alveoli perfectly designed for gas exchange?
large surface area (~100m2) very thin walls (~0.5 micrometres) (allows gases to diffuse across) (O2 moves from inside alveolar sacs into the arteriole (blood vessel))
33
what are the two blood supplies for the lungs?
pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation
34
what does pulmonary circulation do?
Brings deoxygenated blood from heart to lung and oxygenated blood from lung to heart and then rest of body involved in gas exchange
35
what does the bronchial circulation do? (part of systemic circulation)
supplies the cells and tissues of the lungs to keep them functioning optimally Brings oxygenated blood to lung parenchyma (cells and tissues of the lung)
36
what is the lymphatic system involved in?
defence and removal of lymph fluid
37
what circulation is associated with gas exchange?
pulmonary circulation
38
what is the total blood volume in pulmonary circulation?
500ml (10% total blood volume)
39
what is the change in blood volume of the alveolar-capillary network during rest and exercise?
at rest: 75ml blood in alveolar-capillary network exercise: increases to 150-200ml (due to recruitment of new capillaries that open up to enable a greater amount of blood to be oxygenated, secondary to an increase in pressure and flow)
40
what are features of the arteries in pulmonary circulation?
thin walled, highly compliant, larger diameter, low resistance (low pressure)
41
what are features of the arteries in the systemic circulation?
thick walled, pressure within these arteries is high
42
What is the distance between the alveolar air space and red blood cell (the distance gases need to diffuse across in the alveolar-capillary network?
1-2 micrometers (inc. the 0.5 microns comprising the endothelial layer, and the basal lamina and the alveolar epithelial layer)
43
what cell layers/areas are involved in the alveolar-capillary network?
wall of capillary lined with epithelial cells then have basal lamina between endothelial cell of capillary and the epithelial cell of the alveolar sac then have alveolar air space
44
how is the alveolar-capillary network anatomically designed to work optimally?
short distance for gases to cross across thin walls RBCs pass through capillaries in less than 1 second - sufficient time for CO2 and O2 gas exchange
45
how does air move from external environment to lungs (in terms of pressure gradients)?
from area of high to low pressure
46
how do gases move in respiratory system (in terms of pressure gradients)?
from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
47
what is the movement of gases in pulmonary circuit?
O2 enters blood (moves from high conc. in alveolar sac to low conc. in capillaries) CO2 leaves blood (moves from capillaries to alveolar sacs)
48
what is the movement of gases in systemic circuit?
O2 leaves blood (goes into tissues) CO2 enters blood (waste product from cells and tissues and enters blood) (opposite to pulmonary circuit)
49
what are the gas concentration gradients in the pulmonary circulation?
PO2 100mmHg (in alveolar sac) --> 40 mmHg (in venous blood) PCO2 46mmHg (in venous blood) --> 40mmHg (in alveolar sac)
50
what are the gas concentration gradients in the systemic circulation?
PO2 100mmHg (in arterial blood) --> <40mmHg in tissues PCO2 >46mmHg (in tissues) --> 40mmHg in arterial blood
51
which pressure gradient is bigger (O2 or CO2)?
pressure gradient is bigger for O2
52
what gas is more diffusible?
CO2 is more diffusible (even though smaller pressure gradient than 02, it is able to diffuse easily)
53
what circulation carries large volumes of blood at low pressures?
pulmonary circulation
54
what circulation brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to alveolar capillary network where gas exchange occurs?
pulmonary circulation

BDS1 (8 decks)

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