Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS1 > BAMS: Pathology and immunity (intro to pathology and immunology) > Flashcards

BAMS: Pathology and immunity (intro to pathology and immunology) Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunology?

A

the study of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is pathology?

A

the study of the causes/effects of diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is immunology and pathology important?

A

to make the correct diagnosis
to provide the correct treatment
to make appropriate referrals
to advise and educate patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is aetiology?

A

the genetic or environmental causes of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does pathogenesis mean?

A

progressive changes as disease develops - involves morphological cellular changes (either macroscopic or microscopic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does sequalae mean?

A

what happens next? often involves intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of common oral pathologies?

A

oral cancer
periodontitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the aetiology (cause of disease) of oral cancer?

A

excessive alcohol/tobacco consumption (increased susceptibility) (environmental cause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the pathogenesis (changes as disease develops) of oral cancer?

A

hyperplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia

hyperplasia = a condition where an organ or tissue increases in size due to an increase in cell production

dysplasia = a condition where cells grow abnormally in an organ or tissue

neoplasia = abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells or tissues in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the sequalae (what happens next) for oral cancer?

A

radiotherapy, surgery, patient advice
(how medical professionals can intervene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the aetiology (cause of disease) for periodontitis?

A

bacterial origin (plaque)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the pathogenesis (changes as disease develops) of periodontitis?

A

inflammation in gingival tissue, bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the sequalae (what happens next) for periodontitis?

A

physical debridement of plaque (removing cause), removal of infected tissue, patient advice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the systemic diseases that periodontitis is linked with?

A

diabetes
rheumatoid arthritis
respiratory disease
stroke
alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

environmental and/or genetic factors, other diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pathogenesis for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

joint inflammation, increased osteoclast activity, circulating ACPA (antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the sequalae for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), steroids, treatment of other diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the immune system made up of?

A

leukocytes
lymphocytes
endothelial cells
epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what connects the organs and cells of the immune system?

A

lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

lymph
lymphatic vessels
lymphoid organs
lymphoid tissues
immune cells

–> comprised of primary and secondary sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the primary sites of the lymphatic system?

A

where immune cells are created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the secondary sites of the lymphatic system?

A

where immune cells are stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is lymph?

A

a clear, colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is lymph made up of?

A

90% water, also proteins, and immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does lymph do?
it circulates immune cells around body
26
where does lymph originate from?
interstitial fluid (fluid that surrounds the body's cells)
27
example of primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow thymus
28
example of secondary lymphoid organs?
spleen lymph nodes specialised tissues (e.g., adenoids)
29
where is the thymus found?
in chest area, behind lungs
30
how does the size of the thymus change from newborn to adults?
reduces in size
31
what does the thymus store?
site of T cell maturation and education
32
what happens in bone marrow?
where differentiation of stem cells takes place (in red marrow)
33
what produces different types of immune cells?
hematopoetic stem cell (in red marrow in bone marrow)
34
what does the spleen do?
blood filtration system (lots of immune cells present in the spleen)
35
what do lymph nodes do?
lymph filtration system
36
examples of lymphoid tissues?
tonsils adenoids
37
what do lymphoid tissues do?
immunological barriers mucosal surfaces
38
what are the two branches of the immune system?
innate and adaptive immunity
39
what is the innate immune cells?
first line of non-specific defense
40
what is adaptive immunity?
specific and acquired (provides immunological memory)
41
what are the two immune systems both split into?
cellular components (cells) and humoral components (liquid/fluid - anything produced by the cellular components) - important in driving immunological responses
42
what is another name for innate immune cells?
leukocytes
43
what is another name for adaptive immune cells?
lymphocytes
44
what are the different innate immune cells?
monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, NK cells, eosinophils, basophils
45
what are the different adaptive immune cells?
B and T cells
46
what other defence cells are produced by other stem cells?
non-professional immune cells
47
examples of non-professional immune cells
endothelial and epithelial cells fibroblasts
48
what do T cells do?
drive cell-mediated immunity - activates macrophages, NK cells and epithelial cells
49
what do B cells do?
produce antibodies driving humoral immunity
50
what do macrophages circulate in the blood as?
monocytes
51
what do monocytes do?
migrate into tissues (e.g., mucosal tissue in oral cavity) and differentiate into macrophages
52
example of defence cell that is an early responder to inflammation
macrophages mast cell
53
what are the different subsets of macrophages?
M1 and M2 macrophages (multiple functions)
54
what do macrophages do?
phagocytose and present antigen
55
what are mast cells?
granulocyte
56
what do mast cells do?
protect against pathogens through degranulation (e.g., histamine)
57
what are mast cells best known for?
role in allergy
58
what are neutrophils?
phagocytic granulocytes
59
what is the most numerous and important cells in innate immune responses?
neutrophils
60
what do neutrophils do?
circulate in blood and move into tissue when required undergo NETosis via degranulation (produce neutrophil extracellular traps - trap microorganisms)
61
what are basophils and eosinophils?
granulocytes (similar structure to neutrophils, similar function to mast cells)
62
what do both basophils and eosinophils do?
both undergo degranulation both involved in allergy
63
what is the role of eosinophils?
play a major role in anti-parasite immunity
64
what are natural killer (NK) cells?
large granulocytes
65
what is the main function in NK cells?
to kill any host cells that are infected, e.g., viral infected cells or cancerous cells also to kill microorganisms
66
what is the feature on NK cells that help it to detect infected cells in its vicinity?
long cellular projections
67
what are dendritic cells main role?
phagocytosis and antigen presentation
68
which innate immune cell bridges innate and adaptive immunity?
dendritic cells
69
how does dendritic cells link innate to adaptive immunitry?
move from tissues to lymph nodes to active B and T cells
70
example dendritic cell
langerhans cells in the skin
71
what do T cells do?
drive cellular immunity within adaptive immune system
72
what do B cells do?
drive humoral immunity in adaptive immune system produce antibodies and are capable of antigen presentation for T cell activation
73
what is the role of non-professional immune cells?
play a role in inflammatory (immune) responses
74
how many innate immune cells are there?
7
75
how many adaptive immune cells are there?
2
76
how many non-professional immune cells are there?
3
77
where are innate immune cells found?
in tissues throughout the body, especially in lymphoid organs and areas of contact with the environment

BDS1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions