BAMS Flashcards
3 forms of candidiasis
- pseudomembranous
- erythematous e.g. denture related
- hyperplastic e.g. candida leukoplakia
2 species of candida
- candida albicana
- candida glabrata
Candida species resistant to fluconazole
candida glabrata
Species linked to periodontitis
P.Gingivalis
Species of bacteria linked to caries
- S.Mutans
- lactobacilus
Principles of Waste disposal
- segregation
- storage
- disposal
- documentation
Agent used to clean blood spillage
10000ppm Sodium hypochlorite
Signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
- slow movement
- increased muscle tone
- tremors
What is dementia?
An acquired progressive loss of cognitive functions, and intellectual and social abilities
Dementia characteristics
- amnesia
- inability to concentrate
- disorientation
- intellectual impairment
Types of dementia
- Alzheimer’s
- vascular
- fronto-temporal
- Lewy bodies
Alzheimers description
- reduction in size of Cortex
- plaques - deposit of protein fragment called beta amyloid build up in spaces between nerve cells
- tangles - twisted fibres of tau protein build up inside cells
Vascular dementia cause
reduction of blood flow to brain
- damages and kills brain cells-
dementia risk factors
- age
- genetics
- medical history
- lifestyle
- gender
Features of a dementia friendly healthcare environment
- reception desk visible from entrance door
- colour and tone of walls distinctive from flooring
- colour and tone of furniture distinctive from flooring
- avoid non-essential signs
- good levels of natural light to minimise artificial light
- signage with clear use of text and colour
down syndrome
A neurodevelopment disorder of genetic origin affecting chromosome 21
- 95% of cases due to full trisonomy of chromosome 21
down syndrome incidence
1 in 700 births
Down syndrome medical features
- epilepsy
- intelectual impairment
- hearing impairment
- leukaemia
- thyroid disease
- congenital heart defects
- diabetes mellitus
Autism spectrum disorder
complex developmental condition
- includes range of possible developmental impairments
Cerebral palsy prevelence
1 in 400
cerebral palsy definition
- neurological condition affecting movement and co-ordination
Signs of cerebral palsy
- muscle weakness
- balance and co-ordination problems
- random and uncontrolled body movements
cycle of processing instruments
- cleaning
- disinfection
- inspection
- packaging
- sterilisation
- transport
- storage
- use
- transport
PPE required when carrying out manual cleaning
- apron
- face shield
- gloves
Why should you ensure the temperature does not exceed 35 degrees when carrying out manual cleaning?
- proteins can coagulate
- making them harder to remove
2 manual cleaning methods
- immersion
- non-immersion
Manual cleaning indications
- specifically recommend by manufacturer
- no other alternative
- Washer disinfector and ultrasonic bath failed to remove contamination
Types of sterilisers
- Type N - autoclave
- type - B = vacuum
- type - s
Sinner circle - 4 things required for effective disinfection
- energy
- chemicals
- time
- temperature
Washer disinfector stages
- flush/prewash
- main wash
- rinse
- thermal disinfection
- drying
thermal disinfect stage of WD
90-95 degrees for minimum of one minute
temperature of main wash on washer disinfectorcycle
dependent on chemical used for process
temperature of prewash/flush
less than 35 degrees
Bacteria assoc with caries
- s. mutans
- lactobacillus
Species assoc with secondary endodontic infection
e.faecalis
E.faecalis virulence factors
- endotoxins
- adhesins
- collagenases
- immune evasion
biofilm development stages
- adhesion
- colonisation
- accumulation
- complex community
- dispersal
P.Gingivalis virulence factors
- host cell tissue adherence - fimbriae
- elaboration of proteases
- endotoxin
- capsular polysaccharide
- tissue toxic metabolic-byproducts
- ginigpains - manipulating host defences - degradation of cytokines and innate receptors
chain of infection
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
SIMD
- Scottish index of multiple depravation
- area based measure of relative deprivation
Haemophilia A
Factor VIII defeciency
Haemophilia b
Factor IX deficiency
Von Willebrand’s disease
- reduced factor VIII level
- Reduced platelet aggregation
Von Willebrand’s treatment
DDAVP
How can liver cirrhosis cause clotting problems?
- liver is important in producing clotting factors
- risk of deep vein thrombosis
