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NCARB ARE 5.0 - Project Planning > Ballast: Chapter 21 - Site Work > Flashcards

Ballast: Chapter 21 - Site Work Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classes of soil?

A

Sands and gravels, silt, clays, and organics

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2
Q

This soil type is granular, low in plasticity, and consists of particles from 0.002” to 0.25” in size:

A

Sand

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3
Q

This soil type is granular, low in plasticity, and consists of particles from 0.75” to 3.5” in size:

A

Gravel

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4
Q

This soil type is fine-grained, sedimentary, slightly plastic in its behavior, and consists of particles smaller than 0.002” in size:

A

Silt

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5
Q

This soil type has some cohesion, but is plastic when wet. It also swells and shrinks with moisture:

A

Clay

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6
Q

This soil type is made of vegetable or other organic material:

A

Organics

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7
Q

What mixtures of soils makes up a hardpan?

A

Clay, sand, gravel

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8
Q

What materials have the highest and second highest bearing capacities?

A

Bedrock is highest, shale and slate are second

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9
Q

What 3 pieces of info are gleaned from a soil test?

A

Bearing capacity, water table level, and porosity

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of soil tests?

A

Boring test and test pit

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11
Q

What is a Brownfield as defined by the EPA?

A

A property whose redevelopment or reuse may be complicated be the presence or potential presence of hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.

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12
Q

What is Karst?

A

A landscape in which soluble rocks suck as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum have dissolved, forming caves and other voids that cause sinkholes.

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13
Q

After soil field testing, the material is tested in a lab. What 5 characteristics are gleaned from these tests?

A

Grain size and shape, liquid and plastic limits, specific gravity, unconfined compression, water content

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14
Q

These granular soil characteristics determine the shear strength of the soil, its permeability, the likely result of frost action, and compaction ability:

A

Grain size and shape

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15
Q

These values for cohesive soil give the compaction and compressibility values:

A

Liquid and plastic limits

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16
Q

This value is used to determine a soil’s void ratio, which determines the compressibility of the soil:

A

Specific gravity

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17
Q

This value determines the shear strength of a cohesive soil:

A

Unconfined compression

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18
Q

This number is used to get the compressibility and compaction values for a cohesive soil:

A

Water content

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19
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: GW
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: GW
Description: Well-graded gravel
Grain Size: Coarse grain, clean gravels (<5% fines)

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20
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: GP
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: GP
Description: Poorly graded gravel
Grain Size: Coarse grain, clean gravels (<5% fines)

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21
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: GM
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: GM
Description: Silty gravel
Grain Size: Coarse grain, gravels with fines (>12% fines)

22
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: GC
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: GC
Description: Clayey gravel
Grain Size: Coarse grain, gravels with fines (>12% fines)

23
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: SW
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: SW
Description: Well-graded sand
Grain Size: Coarse grain, clean sands (<5% fines)

24
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: SP
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: SP
Description: Poorly graded sand
Grain Size: Coarse grain, clean sands (<5% fines)

25
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: SM
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: SM
Description: Silty sand
Grain Size: Coarse grain, sands with fines (>12% fines)

26
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: SC
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: SC
Description: Clayey sand
Grain Size: Coarse grain, sands with fines (>12% fines)

27
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: CL
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: CL
Description: Lean clay
Grain Size: Fine grain, inorganic (liquid limit <50)

28
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: ML
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: ML
Description: Silt
Grain Size: Fine grain, inorganic (liquid limit <50)

29
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: OL
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: OL
Description: Organic silt
Grain Size: Fine grain, organic (liquid limit <50)

30
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: CH
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: CH
Description: Fat clay
Grain Size: Fine grain, inorganic (liquid limit >50)

31
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: MH
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: MH
Description: Elastic silt
Grain Size: Fine grain, inorganic (liquid limit >50)

32
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: OH
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: OH
Description: Organic clay
Grain Size: Fine grain, organic (liquid limit >50)

33
Q

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Soil Type: PT
Description:
Grain Size:

A

Soil Type: PT
Description: Peat
Grain Size: Highly organic soil, dark in color, organic odor

34
Q

Pressure from the force of water-saturated soil against vertical foundation walls or floor slabs:

A

Hydrostatic pressure

35
Q

The 2 difficulties created by hydrostatic pressure are:

A

Additional loads on the structure and it forces water into and cracks or imperfections in the structure.

36
Q

What foundation location gives rise to hydrostatic pressure?

A

When is is below the water table

37
Q

What is the water table?

A

The depth at which soil is completely saturated

38
Q

Soil Treatment: Drainage

A

Proper drainage can increase the bearing capacity of soil and prevent hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

Soil Treatment: Fill

A

Unsuitable soil is removed and replaced with engineered fill that is then compacted with moisture (optimum soil density and moisture content determined by Proctor Test)

40
Q

Soil Treatment: Compaction

A

Existing soil can be compacted to increase bearing capacity. Large areas are compacted with a sheepsfoot roller.

41
Q

Soil Treatment: Densification

A

On-site compaction using vibration, dropping of heavy weights, or pounding piles into the ground and filling the voids with sand.

42
Q

Soil Treatment: Mixing

A

In lieu of replacing soil, a layer of sand or gravel can be placed and mixed in.

43
Q

Soil Treatment: Geotextiles

A

Permeable, flexible fabrics and mattings used to stabilize soils (horizontal or inclined. They include: silt fences, drainage planes, and landscaped roof liners.

44
Q

What is expansive soil and what is the solution to dealing with it?

A

Clays, such as bentonite, that expand when wet and shrink when dry. Foundations must be isolated from them by use of piles or caissons to bypass it and an air gap must be maintained between the expansive soil and the grade beams that connect the pile/caisson caps.

45
Q

Earthwork

A

Excavating soil the construction of a building foundation, water or sewer lines, and other buried items as well as modifying a site’s land contours.

46
Q

Grading

A

Modification of contours according to a grading plan. Includes rough and final grading.

47
Q

Shoring for Excavation

A

Use of wide flange soldier beams (6’-10’ O.C.) anchored with grouted tiebacks held in place with wales, with timber breast boards (cribbing).

48
Q

Bracing for Excavation

A

Use of vertical Z-shaped steel sheeting supported by diagonal braces called rakers, that span between a continuous wale and a concrete heel.

49
Q

Underpinning

A

A method used to temporarily support existing foundations while they are being repaired pr strengthened. Needle beams supported by the adjacent grade and hydraulic jacks are used to temporarily support the building.

50
Q

Methods of Subsurface Draining

A

Slope land at 0.25” per 1’ to move surface water before it absorbs, perforated drain tile set in gravel bed (French drain or sub-drain), gravel or web matting against vertical foundation walls, gravel and waterproofing membrane on underside of slab.

51
Q

Drain Inlet

A

Allows storm water to run directly into the storm sewer.

52
Q

Catch Basin

A

Basin with sump built in to prevent debris from flowing into the sewer.

NCARB ARE 5.0 - Project Planning (6 decks)

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