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Musculoskeletal I (second exam/practical) > Balance > Flashcards

Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 elements are there in balance?

A

Center of gravity and base of support

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2
Q

When does compensation occur?

A

If sway exceeds the limits of stability

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3
Q

What is postural stability?

A

If sway is within limits of stability

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4
Q

What a normal anterior/posterior sway?

A

12 degrees from most posterior or anterior position.

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5
Q

What is a normal amount of lateral sway?

A

16 degrees

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6
Q

What happens when sway exceeds boundaries?

A

Initially, compensation is employed to retain balance, and a smaller sway envelope is created.

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7
Q

What are the 3 sensory systems that contribute to balance?

A
  • Visual
  • Somatosensory
  • Vestibular
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8
Q

What are the 6 somatosensory contributions to balance?

A
  • Free nerve endings
  • Ruffini endings
  • Paciniform corpuscles
  • Golgi-mazzoni corpuscles
  • Golgi ligament endings
  • Muscle spindles
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9
Q

What is the visual component of balance?

A
  • Sensory information regarding the position of the head relative to the environment, and orients head to maintain level gaze
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10
Q

What is the vestibular component of balance?

A
  • Provides information regarding orientation of the head in space and acceleration
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11
Q

What brain areas contribute to balance?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Basal ganglia
  • Supplemental motor area
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12
Q

What type of response strategy is used when the displacements are small?

A

Ankle strategy.

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13
Q

How does the ankle strategy work?

A

Displaces COG by rotation about the ankle joint.

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14
Q

How does the ankle respond to a posterior displacement of COG?

A
  • Dorsiflexion

- Contraction of anterior tibialis, quadriceps, and abdominals

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15
Q

How does the ankle respond to a anterior displacement of the COG?

A
  • Plantar flexion

- Contraction of gastrocnemius, hamstring, and trunk extensors

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16
Q

When is the hip strategy employed?

A
  • When ankle motion is limited
  • Displacement is greater
  • Standing on unstable surface disallows ankle strategy
  • Perturbation is rapid and near limits of stability
17
Q

How does the hip respond to posterior displacement of COG?

A
  • Backward sway

- Activation of hamstrings and paraspinals

18
Q

How does the hip respond to anterior displacement of COG?

A
  • Forward sway

- Activation of abdominals and quadricep muscles

19
Q

When is the stepping strategy employed?

A
  • If displacement is large enough, a forward or backward step is used to regain postural control
20
Q

What are the 3 phases of motor learning?

A
  • Cognitive phase
  • Associative phase
  • Autonomous phase
21
Q

What is the cognitive phase?

A

What to do

22
Q

What is the associative phase?

A

How to do it better

23
Q

What is the autonomous phase?

A

Just do it

24
Q

What types of traumatic injury can affect balance?

A
  • Eyes
  • Inner ear
  • Peripheral receptors
  • Spinal cord
  • Cerebellum
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebrum
  • Ankle
  • Hip
  • Back
25
Q

What non-traumatic pathologies can affect balance?

A
  • Degenerative joint disease
  • CVAs
  • Tumors
  • Visual field loss
  • Age
26
Q

What are 4 measures of the effect of training on balance?

A
  • Increased LE strength
  • Increased scores in balance measures
  • Reduces effect of, or exposure to risk factors for falling in the elderly
27
Q

What are 3 categories of balance evaluation categories?

A
  • Balance during functional activities with or with assistive devices
  • Balance in static or dynamic situations with or without the use of assistive devices
  • Safety during gait locomotion, or balance
28
Q

What 3 causes should the evaluation differentiate between?

A
  • Biomechanical
  • Motor
  • Sensory
29
Q

What is the 5 step progression of impaired balance examination and evaluation?

A
  • Standing with eyes open - fixed platform
  • Standing blindfolded - fixed platform
  • Sway-referenced vision - fixed platform
  • Normal vision with sway - referenced support
  • Absent vision with sway-referenced support
  • Sway-referenced vision and support
30
Q

What is the base treatment for balance?

A

Strength

31
Q

What is the modular element for balance treatment?

A

Motor control

32
Q

What is the cognitive/ affective element for balance treatment

A

Fear

33
Q

Describe the progression graded balance interventions.

A
  • Weight shifts on stable surface
  • Increase sway
  • Increase surface challenges
34
Q

Describe the progression of posture training as it relates to balance.

A
  • Begin with core stability for COG control and a sense of trunk posture
  • Begin in supine or seated position
  • Use variety of arm positions, unstable surfaces, single leg stances, etc.
35
Q

Describe the progression of movement training as it relates to balance.

A
  • Add movement patterns to acquired stable static postures to increase balance challenge
  • Add anterior/ posterior sway to increase stability limits
  • Add trunk rotations and altered head positions to alter vestibular input
  • Use PNF techniques during trunk rotation
  • Step back/ forward assists in re-stabilization exercises
36
Q

What types of patients are trained for balance the most in the clinic?

A

The elderly

37
Q

Where may active individuals carry out their balance activities?

A
  • At home

- At the local health club

38
Q

Describe a basic progression for all balance therex.

A

BOS: Advance from wide to narrow base
Posture: Stable to unstable posture
Visual: Close the eyes
COG: Greater disruption to elicit hip or stepping strategy

Progress to dynamic activities, unstable surfaces, and unstable movement patterns

39
Q

What are contraindications and precautions for balance training?

A
  • Persons who are inherently in balance challenged positions

Musculoskeletal I (second exam/practical) (7 decks)

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