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Micro/Immuno I > Bailey > Flashcards

Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

6 steps in infectious disease process

A
  1. encounter
  2. entry
  3. spread
  4. multiplication
  5. damage
  6. outcome
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2
Q

encounter

A

natural resivoir of infectious microbe

encounter does not mean infection

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3
Q

entry

A

pathogens must enter body in order to establish infection

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4
Q

colonization/invasion

A

colonize a surface before causing disease, adhere to host tissue

colonize-patho must be adated for growth in niche

invade-must have specific virulence factors

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5
Q

multiplication/spread

A
  1. lateral prop to contiguous tissues

2. dissemination to distant sites, then multiple

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6
Q

damage

A
  1. host response (phagocytes, cytotoxic T cell)
  2. infectious organism
  3. types of toxins
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7
Q

outcome

A

resulting illness

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8
Q

what are the two processes for entry into a host?

A
  1. ingress of microorganisms into body cavities contiguous with outside (inhalationg/ingestion)
  2. penetration of microorganisms into deeper tissues after crossing epi barrier (bites, cute, transplants, transfusions)
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9
Q

what body areas are considered in direct contact with exterior?

A

nose, mouth, resp tract, alimentary cnal, anus, female genital tract, urinary tract

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10
Q

2 steps of penetration of bacteria into epi cells

A
  1. attachment to specific receptors

2. internalization

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11
Q

2 meanings of spread of infection

A
  1. lateral propagation/movement to contiguous tissues

2. dissemination to distant sites

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12
Q

what must microbes over come in order to multiply and spread?

A

host defenses

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13
Q

inoculum size is important in establishing _____

A 
an infection
(varies with different organisms)
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14
Q

4 possible outcomes of a host-parasite interaction

A
  1. host wins out and clears infection
  2. parasite overcomes the host
  3. host and parasite adapt to each other
  4. neither host or parasite win (chronic inf can continue indefinitely)
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15
Q

how can damage to the host be caused?

A
  1. infectious agent
  2. host response (immune system)
  3. both
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16
Q

the great majority of microorganisms are _____

A

commensal

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17
Q

commensal

A

exist without causing harm

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18
Q

gram positive bacteria have _____

A

thick cell wall made of murein (peptidoglycan)

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19
Q

composition of murein

A

long chains of N acetylmuramic acid and N acetylglucosamine linked by short polypeptides

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20
Q

gram negative bacteria have _____

A

thin layer of murein between two membrane lipid bilayers

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21
Q

what is the outer layer of gram negative bacteria made of?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

-is different for different bacteria

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22
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A
  • different for different bacteria
  • toxic (endotoxin) even in its purified form
  • Lipid A (fatty acids attached to phosphorylated disaccharide) that faces into mem and a polysaccharide core faces out
  • outer (O antigen) region is variable and antigenic, provides differences between gram - bac
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23
Q

bactericidal

A

kill bacteria

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24
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibit growth

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25
Q

penicillins (and other beta lactams)

A

antibiotics that affect cell wall, bactericidal

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26
Q

how do antibiotics often work?

A

by targeting bacterial ribosomes

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27
Q

what are the 2 bacterial ribosome subunits

A

30S

50S

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28
Q

what is the 30 s subunit responsible for?

A

translation of mRNA

29
Q

what is the 50 s subunit responsible for?

A

joining amino acids together and moving the complex alone the mRNA molecule

30
Q

which subunit do antibiotics target?

A

both

31
Q

what inhibits folic acid metabolism?

A

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

32
Q

what inhibits protein synthesis?

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and erythromycin

33
Q

what inhibits DNA synth

A

metronidazole

34
Q

what do pili (fimbriae) do

A

they are specialized structures on the surface of bacteria that are involved in adhesion to cells or other surfaces

35
Q

what do sex pili do?

A

special pili that link a donor cell to a recipient cell during transfer of DNA

36
Q

flagella

A

surface structures used for locomotion

they cause movement when they rotate CCW and tumbling when CW

37
Q

what is flagellar movement used by?

A

bacteria for chemotaxis- movement toward substances that attract, away from substances that repel

38
Q

strict aerobes

A

must have O2 to grow

39
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

cannot tolerate O2

40
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can grow with or without O2

41
Q

obligate intracellular parasites

A

can only grow inside host cells

42
Q

therapeutic index

A

ratio between effective and toxic dose of an antibiotic

43
Q

what do antibiotics tend to target

A

structures that are unique in bacteria vs host cells

  • cell wall
  • enzymes for replication, transcription, translation
  • essential metabolites
  • ribosome structure
44
Q

how penicillin disrupts cell wall

A

inhibits final step of peptidoglycan synthesis, prevents crosslinking of peptidoglycan molecules

45
Q

how do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A
  1. synthesizing enzymes that inactivate the drug
  2. inhibiting uptake of the drug
  3. increasing secretion of the drug (pumping it out of the cell)
  4. modifying the target of the drug
46
Q

where are drug resistant genes often found?

A

on plasmids that can be transferred readily from one bacteria to another

47
Q

in order to survive as an infective agent, bacteria must

A
  1. avoid being washed away
  2. find a nutritionally compatible niche
  3. survive host cell defenses
  4. transfer to a new host
48
Q

what causes damage to a host cell as a result of infection?

A
  1. cell death
  2. pharmacologic alterations of metabolism
  3. mechanical causes
  4. host responses
  5. bacterial toxins
49
Q

pathogen associated molecular patterns

A

structures on microbial surface consisting of repeated molecules

50
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns

51
Q

how are abcteria often classified?

A

via surface antigens (serotype)

52
Q

how do pathogens adhere to host tissue?

A
  1. nonspecific adherence

2. specific adherence

53
Q

nonspecific adherence

A
  1. reversible

2. docking

54
Q

specific adherence

A
  1. irreversible

2. anchoring

55
Q

what does specific adherence involve?

A

adhesins

56
Q

adhesins

A

substances on the surface of microbes, often found on pili, interactions are specific

glucosyl binds to salivary protein in pellicle and binds strep mutans

57
Q

how do bacteria take u nutrients

A
  1. carrier-mediated diffusion (facilitated)
  2. phosphorylation linked transport (group translocation)
  3. active transport (energy dependant)
58
Q

types of toxins

A

endotoxin: component of cell wall, generally reserved for lipopolysaccharide
exotoxins: soluble substances secreted into host tissues

59
Q

what makes a microbe a pathogen

A
  1. ability to adhere to host
  2. ability to colonize the host
  3. ability to replicate within given niche
  4. ability to cause damage
60
Q

categories of bacteria based on environment

A
  1. oligotrophs: can grow w/ limited nutrients
  2. microaerophiles: require some O2, but low levels
  3. mesophiles: grow well in mild temps (15-45 C)
61
Q

why are LPS important?

A
  • considered pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

- PRRs can recognize PAMPs

62
Q

glycocalyx

A

substance surrounding cell, capsule when well organized, slime layer when not

63
Q

why would capsules be beneficial to pathogens?

A

for some bact, encapsulation is a necessary virulence factor

64
Q

5 ways antibiotics inhibit bacteria

A
  1. inhibit cell wall synthesis

2.

65
Q

5 ways antibiotics inhibit bacteria

A
  1. inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. disrupt cell membrane function
  3. inhibit protein synthesis
  4. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  5. act as antimetabolites
66
Q

antibiotics commonly used in dentistry and their purpose

A
  1. penicillin: odontogenic infection
  2. clindamycin: odontogenic infection (bone), abscesses
  3. cephalosporins: odontogenic infection
  4. metronidazole: abscesses and periodontitis
  5. tetracyclines: periodontitis
67
Q

mechanisms of drug resistance

A
  1. synthesis of enzymes that inactivate the drug
  2. prevention of access to target site (inhibit uptake or increase secretion of drug)
  3. modification of target site (via enzyme affinity or metabolid pathway)
68
Q

how does antibiotic resistance spread?

A
  1. chromosome associated resistance
  2. plasmid mediated resistance
  3. rapid spread resistance

Micro/Immuno I (2 decks)

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