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Pharmacology > Bacteriostatic Antibiotics > Flashcards

Bacteriostatic Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are macrolides?

A

Contain many-member lactone rings to which are attached one or more deoxy sugars

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of erythromycin?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits of sensitive microorganisms

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3
Q

What is erythromycin most effective against?

A

Gram positive cocci (staph and strep), and gram positive bacilli and some gram negative

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4
Q

What happens when erythromycin passes through the first pass?

A

Cholestatic hepatitis - causes smooth muscle contraction as it goes through the bile duct, causing bile to back up into the liver

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5
Q

As erythromycin goes through the GI tract, it kills bacteria and causes what?

A

Diarrghea

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6
Q

What drug is no longer effective against oral organisms due to resistance, and are no longer often used in dentistry?

A

Erythromycin

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7
Q

What are the 3 reasons why we don’t use erythromycin in dentistry, and is considered a red flag?

A
  1. Oral bugs are resistant to drugs
  2. GI side effects
  3. Dangerous drug interactions (causing seizures, other serious effects)
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8
Q

Describe clarithromycin (Biaxin)?

A
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Bactericidal at doses used for SBE prophylaxis (dentistry)
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9
Q

What is the drug of choice for upper respiratory tract infections, and used for STDs?

A

Azithromycin (Zithromax - “Z-Pack”)

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10
Q

What is the half-life of azithromycin?

A

90 hours

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11
Q

What type of drug is clindamycin?

A

Lincosamide

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin?

A

Antibacterial - interferes with bacterial protein synthesis - inhibits peptide bond formation

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13
Q

What is an indication for clindamycin?

A

Orofacial infections and periodontal infections caused by anaerobic bacteria

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14
Q

What is the drug of choice for orofacial infections in penicillin allergic patients, and is also used for endodontic infections?

A

Clindamycin

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15
Q

What is the important preparation of clindamycin?

A

clindamycin HCl (Cleosin) **Know this

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16
Q

Is clindamycin broad or narrow spectrum?

A

Broad

17
Q

What are some adverse effects of clindamycin?

A
  • Gastrointestinal - diarrhea, nausea, vomitting, etc
  • Super infection
  • Clostridium difficile –> pseudomembranous colitis
18
Q

What cuases Colitis caused by C-diff?

A
  • Cephalosporins
  • Clindomycin
19
Q

Why don’t you want to take an anti-diarrheal agent when they have pseudomembranous colitis?

A

The C-diff exotoxin will continue to irritate colon, may cause ulceration/perforation allowing bacteria into peritoneum

20
Q

The greatest number of antibiotic-associated cases of C diff diarrhea are from what?

A

Cephalosporins

21
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tetracycline?

A

Acts on gram negative bacteria - binds to 30S ribosome = inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

22
Q

What is tetracyclines impaired by?

A

Milk products, aluminum, sodium bicarbonate, divalent cations, iron

  • Mechanism is chelation and increased gastric pH
23
Q

What drug is stoed in gingical crevicular fluid, dentin and enamel of unerupted teeth (teratogenic effect)?

A

Tetracyclines

24
Q

What are some adverse effects of tetracyclines?

A
  • Photosensitivity
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Renal toxicity
  • FDA Pregnancy category = D
25
Q

What are some common preparations of tetracycline?

A
  • doxycycline
  • minocycline
  • tetracycline
26
Q

What is the most used tetracycline used in dentistry and what is its mechanism of action?

A

doxycycline - inhibits collegenase, the enzyme that breaks down connective tissue and bone

27
Q

What is a subantimicrobial dose that only inhibits collagenase but doesn’t kill bacteria?

A

doxycycline hyclate (Periostat)

Atridox - subgingivally

28
Q

What is the most potent tetracycline, and causes staining of teeth in adults?

A

minocycline (Minocin)

29
Q

What is locally-applied minocycline called?

A

Arestin

30
Q

Tetracyclines are contraindicated with what?

A

penicillins/cephalosporins

31
Q

What are you supposed to do with tetracyclines and iron/dairy/antacids?

A

Wait a min of 2 hours

32
Q

What are oral contraceptives drug interactions with antibiotics?

A

Hormones activated by gut flora - possibility to get pregnant

33
Q

What are the drug interactions with antibiotics and oral anticoagulants (warfarin)?

A
  • Antimicrobials kill bacteria making vitamin K
  • No competitor for warfarin
  • Excessive anticoagulation = very thin blood!
34
Q

What is vancomycin (Vancocin) mechanism of action?

A

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, different than penicillins

Pharmacology (25 decks)

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