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ZMicrobiology > Bacteriology EC > Flashcards

Bacteriology EC Flashcards

1
Q

Peptidoglycan Function

A

Gives rigid support
Protects against osmotic pressure

(What stains on gram stain)

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2
Q

Major surface antigen of Gram+

A

Lipoteichoic acid (induces TNF/IL-1)

Cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)

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3
Q

Major surface antigen of Gram -

A

LPS/Endotoxin/Outer membrane

Lipid A induces TNF/IL-1
O polysaccharide is the anitgen

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4
Q

What is the periplasm?

A

Space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram -

Contains BETA-LACTAMASE

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5
Q

How do beta-lactams work?

A

Inhibit cross-linking of peptidoglycan by transpeptidase

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6
Q

Gram + Bacteria (gram stain color, major antigen, vulnerability to beta-lactams)

A

BLUE
Thick cell wall/peptidoglycan (+ is thick)
Lipoteichoic acid
Vulnerable to beta-lactams/lysozymes

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7
Q

Gram - Bacteria (gram stain color, major antigen, vulnerability to beta-lactams)

A

RED
Thin cell wall/peptidoglycan (- is thin)
LPS (lipid A) Endotoxin
Resistant to beta lactams/lysozymes (beta-lactamase in periplasmic space)

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8
Q

What are the gram + bacteria?

A 
Mycobacterium (acid fast)
Gardnerella
Staph
Strep
Corynebacterium
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Bacillus 
Listeria
Clostridium

“My God, Some Silly Corny Actors kNock Back Listerine in the Closet”

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9
Q

What Gram + bacteria commonly cause disease and what is their morphology?

A 
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus
Bacillus (spore forming)
Clostridium (spore forming)
Corynebacterium (rods)
Listeria (rods)
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10
Q

What are the morphologies of the Gram - bacteria?

A

Neisseria (diplococcus)

Treponema pallidum (spirochete)

REST=rods/pleomorphic

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11
Q

What stain identifies mycobacterium?

A

Acid fast (causes TB and leprosy)

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12
Q

What bacteria have unusual cell membranes/walls?

A

Mycoplasma - STEROLS and NO CELL WALL

Mycobacterium - MYCOLIC ACID and HIGH LIPID CONTENT

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13
Q

What bacteria do not Gram stain well?

A

Treponema (too thin- use darkfield microscope)
Rickettisa (intracellular)
Mycobacteria (lipid content detected in acid fast stain
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular)

“These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color”

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14
Q

What bugs stain with Giemsa?

A 
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsiae
Trypanosome
Plasmodium

“Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience”

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15
Q

What bugs stain with PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)?

A

Tropheryma whipplei

(Stains glycogen)

“PAS the sugar”

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16
Q

What bugs stain with Ziehl-Neelsen?

A

Acid fast

Nocardia
Mycobacterium

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17
Q

What bugs stain with India Ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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18
Q

What bugs stain with Silver stain?

A

Fungi (ie Pneumocystis)
Legionella
H. pylori

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19
Q

What does catalase do?

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide radicals

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20
Q

What does peroxidase do?

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide radicals

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21
Q

What does superoxide dismutase do?

A

Breaks down superoxide radicals

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22
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Must use oxygen - same enzymes as us

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23
Q

What are the obligate aerobes?

A

Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium TB
Bacillus

“Nagging Pests Must Breathe”

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24
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Have the faculty to be anaerobic (comparable to skeletal muscle during sprinting)

Prefer O2, but switch if have to

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25
Q

Are obligate anaerobes?

A

Hate oxygen (no enzymes to defend against it)

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26
Q

What are the obligate anaerobes?

A

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

“Can’t Breathe Air”

AninOglycosides are ineffective because they require O to enter cell

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27
Q

What bugs are obligate intracellular?

A

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
(can’t make own ATP)

“stay inside when it gets Really Cold”

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28
Q

What bugs are facultative intracellular?

A 
Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia

“Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY”

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29
Q

What does the Quellung reaction test for?

A

Encapsulated bacteria

“Quellung=Swelling”

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30
Q

What bacteria are encapsulated?

A 
E. coli
Strep. pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
Salmonella
B Strep

“Even Some Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies”

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31
Q

What organisms would someone with chronic granulomatous disease get recurrent infections from? Why?

A 
Catalase + organisms
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. coli
S. aureus
Serratia

“you need PLACESS for your CATs”

People with CGD have a NADPH oxidase deficiency
Catalase + bacteria neutralize limited H2O2 produced

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32
Q

What bugs are urease +?

A 
Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus

“CHuck norris hates PUNKSS”

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33
Q

What bacteria produce pigment?

A

Actinomyces ISRAELii - yellow sulfur granules “Israel has yellow sand”

S. aureus - yellow pigment “aureus=gold’

Pseudomonas AURUGinosa - blue-GREEN pigment “AERUGala is GREEN”

Serratia MARCESCENS - RED pigment “red maraschino cherries”

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34
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Diptheria toxin

Inactivates EF-2 (elongation factor)

Pseudomembranous pharyngitis 
Severe lymphadenopathy ("bull neck")
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35
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Exotoxin A

Inactivates EF-2 (elongation factor)

Host cell death

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36
Q

Shigella (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Shiga toxin

Inactivates 60S ribosome (remove adenine from rRNA)

GI mucosal damage –> dysentery
Cytokine release –> HUS

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37
Q

EHEC O157:H7 (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Shiga Like Toxin

Inactivates 60S ribosome (remove adenine from rRNA)

Enhances cytokine release –> HUS
Does no invade host cells

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38
Q

ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli) (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Heat-LABILE (LT) - overactivates adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP, increase CL and water secretion

Heat-STABLE - overactivates guanylate cyclase, increased cGMP, decreased NaCl and H2O resorption

Watery diarrhea results

“Labile in the Air (Adenylate cyclase)
Stable on the Ground (Guanylate cyclase)”

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39
Q

Bacillus anthracis (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Edema factor

Mimics adenylate cyclase (increased cAMP)

Edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax

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40
Q

Vibrio cholerae (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Cholera toxin

Permanently activates Gs (increased cAMP)
Cl secretion and H2O efflux

“Rice water” diarrhea

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41
Q

Bordetella pertussis (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Pertussis toxin

Disables Gi (increased cAMP)
Inhibits phagocytosis

Whooping cough

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42
Q

Clostridium tetani (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Tatanospasmin

Cleave SNARE and prevent release of GABA/glutamate

Spastic paralysis “Lock jaw”

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43
Q

Clostridium botulinum (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Botulinum toxin

Cleave SNARE and prevent release of ACh

Flaccid paralysis “Floppy baby”

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44
Q

Clostridium perfringens (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Alpha toxin

Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes

Myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
Hemolysis (double zone hemolysis)

45
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

Streptolysin O

Protein that degrades cell membrane

Lyse RBCs (beta-hemolysis)

  • host antibodies to streptolysin O (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever*
  • Exotoxin A can also cause toxic shock syndrome (superantigen)*
46
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)

A

TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin)

Bring MHCII and TCR together without antigen resulting in superantigen with overwhelming release of IFN-gamma and IL-2 –> shock

Toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock)

  • Exfoliative toxin causes scalded skin syndrome*
  • Enterotoxin causes food poisoning*
47
Q

Septic shock (Mechanism, Major players, Manifestations)

A

Endotoxin=LPS found in gram negative bacteria (LIPID A)

Release of LPS from lysis of gram - (or fungi) cause excessive release of TNF and IL-1

Edema
NO
DIC/Death
Outer membrane
TNF
O-antigen
Xtremely heat stable
Il-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
48
Q

Transformation (what is it?, what bacteria utilize?)

A

Take up naked DNA
“Take this DNA and be TRANSFORMED”

S. pneumo
H. influenzae
Neisseria

“SHiN”

49
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria sex (passing plasmids)

F+ uses sex pilus (penis) to transfer DNA to F- (making it F+)

50
Q

Transposition

A

DNA that can jump from one location to another

Can jump into plasmid and be transferred to another bacteria

51
Q

Transduction

A

Transduced by a bacteriophage (virus)

Generalized (Lytic phage): Phage infects, picks up some DNA, infects another and transfers genes

Specialized (Lysogenic phage): viral DNA incorporates into chromosome, when excised, flanking gene excised with it, other bacteria then infected.

52
Q

What bacterial toxins genes are encoded for by lysogenic phages (Specialized transduction)?

A 
shigA-like toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diptheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of Strep. pyogenes

“ABCDE”

53
Q

Determination of coagulase - Staph

A

NOvobiocin test
Saprophyticus is Resistant
Epidermidis is Sensitive

“on the office STAPH retreat there was NO StRESs”

54
Q

Determination of alpha hemolytic Strep

A

Optochin test
Viridans is Resistant
Pneumoniae is Sensitive

“OVRPS” (overpass)

55
Q

Determination of beta hemolytic Strep

A 
Bacitracin test 
group B (agalactiae) are Resistant
group A (pyogenes) are Sensitive

“B-BRAS”

56
Q

What are the beta-hemolytic bacteria?

A

staph. Aureus
strep. Pyogenes
strep. Agalactiae
Listeria

“I have A-PAL who’s beta-hemolytic”

57
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + cocci in clusters
(b/c catalase + can form fibrin clot around self leading to abcess)

Protein A binds Fc-IgG (inhibits complement fixation/phagolysis)

Skin infections, Organ abscess, Pneumonia
Toxic shock syndrome, Scalded skin syndrome, Rapid onset food poisoning (toxin mediated)
Acute bacterial endocarditis/osteomyelitis
MRSA (altered penicillin binding protein)

58
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + Cocci (catalase+, coagulase -)

Biofilms

Prosthetic devices/catheters
Contaminates blood cultures (normal skin flora)

59
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + cocci (catalase -, alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive)

Encapsulated
IgA protease (allows adherence to mucus membranes)
"MOPS"
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

“strep. pneumo MOPS are MOst OPtochin Sensitive”

60
Q

Viridans strep (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + cocci (alpha hemolytic, optochin resistant)

Strep. sanguis=blood (endocarditis-sticks via glyocalyx)
Strep. mutans=dental caries

61
Q

Strep. pyogenes [group A] (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + cocci (beta hemolytic, Bacitracin sensitive)

Pyogenic - pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo

Toxigenic - scarlet fever, toxic shock-like syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis

Immunologic-rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis (antibodies to M protein help clear infection but cause)

62
Q

What are the JONES criteria to diagnose rheumatic fever?

A 
Joints - polyarthritis 
Heart - endocarditis
Nodules - subcutaneous
Erythema marginatum 
Sydenham's chorea

” (s. pyogenes) Pharyngitis can cause PHever and glomerulonePHritis”

63
Q

Strep. agalactiae [group B] (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + cocci, (beta hemolytic, Bacitracin resistant)

CAMP factor (enlarges s. aureus hemolysis)

colonizes vagina
BABIES - pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis

Hippurate test positive

“group B for Babies”

64
Q

Enterococci (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + cocci, (no hemolysis)

E. faecalis, E faecium
Normal colonic flora

UTI, biliary tract infections, endocarditis

VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci) important nocosomial

65
Q

Strep bovis (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + cocci (no hemolysis)

Colonizes gut (bacteremia in colon cancer pt’s)

“Bovis in the Blood= Cancer in the Colon”

66
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +

Exotoxin encoded by beta-prophage
ADP ribosylates EF-2

Pseudomembranous pharyngitis
Lymphadenopathy
Myocarditis (arrhythmia)

Meta-chromatic granules
Elek test for toxin

67
Q

Clostridium tatani (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +, spore forming

Produces TETANOSPASMIN
Cleaves SNARES and inhibits GABA/glycine release

Spastic paralysis

68
Q

Clostridium botulinum (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +, spore forming

Botulinum toxin cleaves SNAREs and inhibits ACh release

Flaccid paralysis (floppy baby)

69
Q

Clostridium perfringens (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +, spore forming

Alpha toxin (lecinthinase)

Myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

“PERFringens PERForates a gangrenous leg”

70
Q

Clostridium difficile (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +, spore forming

Toxin A (enterotoxin) - binds brush border

Toxin B (cytotoxin) - destroys cytoskeleton of enterocytes
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS (often secondary to clindamycin or ampicillin)

treat w/ metronidazole or vancomycin

71
Q

Bacillus anthracis (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +, Spore forming
(Only bacteria with polypeptide capsule)

Lethal factor/Edema factor - Cutaneous anthrax - black eschar

Inhalation of spores - flu-like progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock

(Woolsorter’s disease - inhalation of spores in contaminated wool)

72
Q

Bacillus cereus (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +

Reheated rice - spores germinate and produce enterotoxin (cereulide)
Diarrhea

73
Q

Listeria monocytogenes (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + intracellular

Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/deli meat
“ACTIN ROCKETS”/tumbling motility

Amnionitis, Septicemia, Spontaneous abortion
Granulomatosis infantiseptica, Neonatal/Immunocompromised meningitis,

74
Q

Actinomyces (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram + Long branching filaments (look like fungi)

Normal oral flora
Cause abscess that drain through sinus tract forming ‘SULFUR GRANULES”

75
Q

Nocardia (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)

A

Gram +, long branching filaments (look like fungi)

Found in soil

Immunocompromised - pulmonary infections
Immunocompetent - skin infection after trauma

76
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

ACID FAST

Primary - Gohn complex in mid lung
Secondary - Caseating granuloma in upper lung (reactivation)

Extrapulmonary:
CNS (parenchymal tuberculoma or meningitis)
Pott's disease (vertebral body)
Lymphadenitis
Renal
GI

PPD skin test - in sarcoidosis, immunocompromised, BCG vaccine

77
Q

TB symptoms

A

Fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
Hemoptysis

78
Q

Mycobacterium avium

A

ACID FAST

Disseminated disease in AIDS

prophylaxis with AZITHROMYCIN

79
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

ACID FAST

Infects skin and superficial nerves “glove and stockings”
Armadillos - reservoir

Lepromatous - Skin (contagious)
Low cell mediated immunity - Humoral TH2 response

Tuberculoid - few skin plaques
High cell mediated immunity - TH1 response

Treat with DAPSONE + RIFAMPIN + CLOFAZIMINE

80
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Gram - diplococci
Produce IgA protease

Ferments glucose (not maltose)

Gonorrhea
Septic arthritis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
PID
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (post PID adhesions to liver)
81
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram - diplococci
Produce IgA protease

Ferments glucose AND maltose

Meningitis
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (bleed into adrenal glands)

82
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

haEMOPhilus (usually vaccinated against)

Epiglotitis (cherry red children)
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia

Culture of chocolate agar (requires factor V and X)

83
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

(lover water)
Legionnaire’s disease - pneumonia, fever, GI, CNS

Pontiac fever - flu-like

Use SILVER STAIN, grow on CHARCOAL yeast culture with IRON and CYSTINE

“French Legionnaire with his SILVER helmet around a campfire (CHARCOAL) with his IRON dagger. He’s no sissy (CYSTEIN)”

84
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

PSEUDOmonas (loves water)

Pneumonia
Sepsis
External otitis 
UTI
Diabetic osteomyelitis

Produces green/blue pigment w/ grapelike odor

85
Q

EIEC

A

INVASIVE

No toxins

Bloody diarrhea

86
Q

ETEC

A

TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA

Heat labile (cAMP)/stabile toxin (cGMP)

Watery diarrhea

87
Q

EPEC

A

PEDS

Adheres and interfere’s with absorption

88
Q

EHEC O157:H7

A

HEMOLYTIC UREMIA SYNDROME (anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure)

Shiga-like toxin (inactivates 60S ribosome)

89
Q

Klebsiella

A

Intestinal flora

Lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics when aspirated

“Currant jelly sputum” - very mucoid w/ polysaccaride capsule

90
Q

Salmonella typhi

A

Spreads hematogenously

Invades and produces bloody diarrhea

TYPHOID FEVER (remain in gallbladder as carrier)
red spots on abdomen
fever
headache
diarrhea
91
Q

Shigella

A

Produces shiga toxin - diarrhea

Spreads cell to cell

92
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Bloody diarrhea in children
Fecal oral through foods

Can cause Guillain-barre and Reactive arthritis

93
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

RICE WATER DIARRHEA

Cholera toxin permanently activates Gs

94
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Pet feces (dog)

Mesenteric adenitis
can mimic Chrohn’s or appendicitis

95
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Risk for PUD, gastric adenocarcinoma, lymphoma

Urease +

96
Q

What are the common spirochetes?

A

BLT

Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema

97
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A

Water contaminated with animal urine

LEPTOSPIROSIS: flu, jaundice, photophobia,
SURFERS

Weil’s disease - jaundice, liver and kidney dysfunction, fever, hemorrhage, anemia

98
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Lyme disease

Ixodes tick

Erythema chronicum migrans
Neurologic (Bell's palsy)
Cardiac (AV node involvement)
Musculoskeletal
CNS
99
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

SYPHILIS (detected with VDRL)

Primary- painless chancre
Secondary - Rash on palms and soles, Codylomata lata
Tertiary - Gummas, Neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis)

Argyll Robertson pupil - constricts to accommodate but unreactive to light

100
Q

Congenital syphilis

A 
Saber shins
Saddle nose
CN VIII deafness
Hutchinson's teeth
Mulberry molars
101
Q

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

A

Flu-like syndrome after antibiotics are started in syphilis infection (due to lysed bacteria)

102
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

Vaginosis

“Fishy smelling” gray vaginal discharge

Clue cells

103
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick bourne)

Starts on WRISTS AND ANKLES
Spreads to TRUNK, PALMS AND SOLES

104
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii

A

tick borne (like RMSF)

Starts on TRUNK (spares palms and soles)

105
Q

What infections produce a rash on the palms and soles?

A

“you drive CARS using your palms and soles”

Coxsackievirus A (hand, foot, and mouth)
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Syphilis

106
Q

Chlamydiae trachomatis

A

Elementary body Enters cell by Endocytosis
Reticulate body Replicates

Types A-C: Conjunctivitis/Blindness (#1 cause)

Types D-K: Urethritis, PID, neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough)

Reactive arthritis

107
Q

Chlamydiae pneumoniae

A

Causes atypical pneumonia

108
Q

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

A

Atypical “walking” pneumonia

HEADACHE
NONPRODUCTIVE COUGH
DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL INFILTRATE

Cold agglutinins (IgM)

Outbreaks in military recruits and prisons

ZMicrobiology (12 decks)

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