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PID Final Review > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What three groups of molecules are found in cytoplasm?

A
  1. ) Macromolecules - proteins (enzymes), mRNA, tRNA
  2. ) Small molecues - energy sources, precursors of macromolecules, metabolites or vitamins
  3. ) inorganic ions - such as co-factors.
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2
Q

what is included in the protein component of the bacterial chromosome (nucleoid)?

A
  1. ) Transcription Factors - regulate bacterial genome.

2. ) Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) - carry out the dynamic spatial organization of the nucleic acid.

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3
Q

All bacteria cytoplasmic membrane is composed of ___ & ____? What is the difference with regards to mycoplasmas?

A

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins. Sterols are only present in mycoplasmas

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4
Q

Where does bacterial respiration occur?

A

Across the cytoplasmic membrane.

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5
Q

What types of substances can pass a phospholipid bilayer via passive diffusion?

A

small lipid-soluble compounds

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6
Q

What is peptidoglycan and where is it found?

A

Peptidoglycan is a polymer of disaccharides cross-linked by short chains of amino acids (peptides). It is found in the cell envelope of bacteria.

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7
Q

What is unique about the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?

A

Thick layer of murein (aka: peptidoglycan) and techoic acids.

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8
Q

What is the function of techoic acids found in the cell wall of ____ bacteria?

A

provides rigidity in gram positive bacteria.

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9
Q

What is unique about gram-negative bacteria cell envelope?

A

Composed of a thin layer of murein/peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane.

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10
Q

What are the components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS or endotoxins) and porins.

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11
Q

What are porins and where are they found?

A

Porins are proteins allowing diffusion of hydrophilic molecules into the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria. They are found in the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.

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12
Q

What is periplasmic space?

A

The space between the cell envelope and cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria.

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13
Q

What is the function of the capsule (AKA: glycocalyx) in bacteria?

A

Mediates attachment to particular surfaces and protects bacteria from engulfment.

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14
Q

Fimbriae

A

Shorter and stiffer than flagella and are usually involved in adherence to surfaces.

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15
Q

Monotrichous

A

Flagellar arrangement in which one flagella is present

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16
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Flagellar arrangement in which multiple flagella are present originating from one area of the cell wall

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17
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagellar arrangement in which multiple flagella are arising from multiple areas around the periphery of the cell wall.

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18
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagellar arrangement in which one flagella arises from each pole.

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19
Q

Germination

A

The reverse of sporulation.

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20
Q

What are the main genera of spore-forming bacteria?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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21
Q

In what group relative to oxygen requirement for growth do most clinically relevant bacteria fit in?

A

Facultative anaerobes - they prefer to reside in areas with oxygen but can survive in anaerobic conditions also.

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22
Q

Define antibiotic.

A

An antimicrobial chemical substance that is produced by microorganisms

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23
Q

Define growth-promotion use of antimicrobials in animals.

A

When healthy animals are treated with low (sub-therapeutic) concentrations in feed to improve growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization and improve reproductive performance.

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24
Q

Drugs that end with -illin are ___.

A

Penicillins

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25
Q

Drugs that end in -cline are ___.

A

Tetracyclines

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26
Q

Drugs that end in -oxacin are __.

A

Quinolones (exception: oxolinic acid is also a quinolone).

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27
Q

Drugs that end in -enicol are ___.

A

Phenicols

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28
Q

Drugs that begin with cef- are ___.

A

Cephalosporins

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29
Q

What groups of drugs would be a good choice for gram-positive bacterial infections?

A

Penicillins, Aminopenicillins, Amoxicillin/clavulanate, Cephalosporins.

30
Q

Which groups of drugs would be active against penicillase-producing staphylococci?

A

Amoxicillin/clavulanate, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones

31
Q

Which groups of drugs are active against gram-negative rods?

A

Amoxicillin/clavulanate, Cephalosporins (3/4 generation), Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides

32
Q

Which groups of drugs would be active against anaerobes?

A

Penicillins, Aminopenicillins, Lincosamides, Metronidazole, Amoxicillin/clavulanate

33
Q

What three groups of antimicrobials are beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems

34
Q

Symbiotic mutualism

A

Both are necessary (host and bacteria) and the relation is positive for both.

35
Q

Symbiotic commensalism

A

Good for one, no problem for the other (i.e. intestinal flora)

36
Q

Symbiotic parasitism

A

One takes advantage of the other.

37
Q

Balanced pathogenicity

A

Damage with recovery.

38
Q

Which group of bacteria most often have flagella (gram positive or gram negative)?

A

Gram negative

39
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Bacterial metabolites released by bacteria that interfere with normal cell function in surrounding cells.

40
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I endotoxins?

A

Binds with a cell receptor and leads to disturbances of cellular metabolism.

41
Q

What are the characteristics of Type II endotoxins?

A

Causes cell wall damage

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Type III endotoxins?

A

Intracellular toxins: one part binds to the membrane, the other part enters the cell.

43
Q

Balanced pathogenicity

A

Damage with recovery.

44
Q

Which group of bacteria most often have flagella (gram positive or gram negative)?

A

Gram negative

45
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Bacterial metabolites released by bacteria that interfere with normal cell function in surrounding cells.

46
Q

What are endotoxins associated with gram negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - lipid A is the pathogenic portion.

47
Q

What are endodoxins?

A

Cell wall components composed of lipopolysaccharides or lipoteichoic acids that cause fever/general sickness, tissue damage, CV shock and death.

48
Q

What are cell wall toxins of gram-positive bacteria?

A

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA).

49
Q

What’s the role of membrane vesicles?

A 
Pathogenesis
Signaling
Excretion of toxic products
Killing of competitors
Immunomodulation
Excretion of bacterial toxic products
Transformation
50
Q

Blood can be used for:

A

culture, serology and molecular genetics

51
Q

What types of bacteria are stained with acid fast stain?

A

Mycobacterium, nocardia, cryptosporidium

52
Q

What types of stains can be used to determine cellular association and morphology of bacteria?

A

H&E, Romanowsky, Wright’s, Ciemsa, Diff-Quik, Gram stain

53
Q

What are the steps of Gram stain and what is the purpose of each step?

A

Fixation - use heat or alcohol

Crystal Violet stain - adheres to the peptidoglycan layer of the gram + organisms. It cannot adhere to the peptidoglycan layer of gram - bacteria because it isn’t accessible

Iodine treatment - the “mordant”. It interacts with the crystal violet, adhering it to the peptidoglycan layer of the gram+ organisms

Decolorization - (alcohol wash) Removes crystal violet from the cell wall of the gram negative bacteria

Counter stains (most often safranin)

54
Q

What is empirical treatment

A

treating what you believe is there without having a definitive diagnosis.

55
Q

What two elements are required in large amounts by bacteria to survive?

A

Carbon and nitrogen

56
Q

What do peptones provide for bacteria?

A

nitrogen, phosphate, sulfate, potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron

57
Q

What is a mesophile?

A

Bacteria that grows in moderate temperatures (~37 C)

58
Q

What is a psychotroph?

A

bacteria that can grow an reproduce in lower temperatures (10-15 C)

59
Q

What is selective media?

A

Media that allows growth for some types of bacterial species, but excludes others.

60
Q

Differential media

A

allows you to see some characteristic difference when grown on this media.

61
Q

List (3) basic nutrient media.

A

Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA)

Luria Bertani (LB) Agar

Mueller-Hinton (MH) Agar

62
Q

What is the difference between blood agar and chocolate agar?

A

Chocolate agar is lysed blood that’s been heated (vs. just lysed agar)

63
Q

Which media is selective for gram positive bacteria?

A

Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA)

64
Q

Which media is selective for fungi (low pH)?

A

Sabouraud Dextrose (SabDex) Agar

65
Q

In what way is blood agar differential? Selective?

A

Easy to assess whether or not there is lysis and what kind of lysis occurs.

It allows all the things to grow. Not selective.

66
Q

Describe the use of MacConkey Agar (MAC).

A

Selective for gram negative bacteria

Differentiates between strains capable of fermenting lactose

67
Q

Describe the use of Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA).

A

Selective for gram positive bacteria

Differentiates between strains capable of fermenting mannitol

68
Q

List three examples of ID test strips/plates used in identification of bacterial species.

A

Remel RapID, Sensititre, BD crystal

69
Q

What is the gold standard in molecular diagnostics of bacterial species?

A

16S ribosomal RNA PCR - 16S is the conserved component of 30S small subunit in prokaryotic ribosomes.

70
Q

What are nucleic acid multiplex or microarrays?

A

allow for detection of multiple bacterial species in a single sample. This is either PCR-based or uses tagged oligonucleotide probes in digested sample

PID Final Review (8 decks)

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