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Dermatology > Bacterial Virulence and Skin Infections > Flashcards

Bacterial Virulence and Skin Infections Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Define virulence factors

A

Individual factors that can be tied down to a particular protein that makes it more effective at causing disease

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2
Q

Describe virulence factor adhesin

A

enables binding of the organism to host tissue

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3
Q

Describe virulence factor impedin

A

enables the organism to avoid host defence mechanisms

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4
Q

Describe virulence factor aggressin

A

causes damage to the host directly

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5
Q

Staphylcoccus aureus is a gram ___1__ organism. It is also coagulase ___2______it grows best in ____3___

A

1) positive
2) positive
3) aerobic conditions but can grow anaerobically (facultatively anaerobic)

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6
Q

Staphylcoccus epidermis is a gram ___1___ organism but coagulase ___2____

A

1) positive

2) negative

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7
Q

Staph Epidermis is largely ___1____, usually doesn’t cause ____2______ unless in ____3_____

A

1) self-limiting
2) serious infections
3) hospitals

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8
Q

MRSA is defined by resistance to what?

A

Flucloxacillin

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9
Q

Describe TSST-1 and super antigens.

A

TSST-1 is a super antigen that causes toxic shock. Super antigens cause massive release of cytokines & inappropriate immune response. Cytokine storm. Over stimulation of T cells due to non-specific activation of T cells.

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10
Q

Strep pyogenes is a gram __1___ organism that causes ___2____ haemolysis. It is a group _3___ streptococci which can be further divided according to __4_____

A

1) positive
2) beta
3) A
4) M protein antigens

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11
Q

What organism that can also cause skin problems cause strep sore throat, pharyngitis and scarlet fever?

A

Strep pyogenes

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12
Q

What two bacteria are usually involved in skin infections?

A

Staph Aureus and Strep Pyogenes

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13
Q

Describe Impetigo

A

Highly contagious, relatively superficial as the infection is immediately below the surface, tend to see it in young children.

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14
Q

Describe cellulitis

A

Deeper skin infection in the dermis that is not associated with necrosis, patient more likely to have fever, feel sick, vomiting, more of an immune response

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15
Q

Describe necrotising fasciitis

A

Strain penetrates mucous membrane and develop in lesion, rapidly destroys connective. Seems to be linked with streptolysin S (pore forming cytolysis, toxic to PMN, organelles, platelets, important in animal models.

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16
Q

Antibiotic of choice for staph A infection

A

flucloxacillin

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17
Q

Antibiotic of choice in MRSA?

A

no flucloxacillin. Use doxycycline, co-trimoxazole, clindamycin and vancomycin.

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18
Q

What does PVL toxin produced by staph a cause?

A

Necrotising pneumonia

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19
Q

Antibiotic of choice with strep pyogenes?

A

Sensitive to penicillin but if you are not sure if the infection is staph or strep then you should use flucloxacillin instead as that will cover both organisms.

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20
Q

Name 3 skin commensals unlikely to be the cause of a problem?

A

Staph epidermis, corynebacterium (diphtheroids) and propionibacterium

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21
Q

Dermatophytes are __1____ that infect ___2__ examples are __3___ which cause a ___4______

A

1) fungi
2) keratinised tissues (skin, hair, nails)
3) tinea- ring worm
4) ring appearance rash

22
Q

Describe candida infections

A

fungal infection that occurs in the skin folds.

23
Q

Example of an anti fungal?

A

clotrimazole (if it ends in azole it is an anti-fungal)

24
Q

Describe scabies and treatment?

A

Causes an itchy rash, give malathion or benzyl benzoate lotion

25
Q

How do you treat lice?

A

Malathion

26
Q

What causes chicken pox?

A

Varicella virus

27
Q

Normal presentation of chicken pox?

A

Centripetal rash, fever and itch

28
Q

Who is more likely to get severe chicken pox?

A

Adults

29
Q

Complications of chicken pox?

A

secondary bacterial infection, haemorrhagic rash, scarring, encephalitis or pneumonitis (chicken pox pneumonia- no consolidation)

30
Q

Describe neonatal VZV?

A

This can occur secondary to chicken-pox in a mother in late pregnancy. This has a higher mortality so prevention with VZV immune globulin or acyclovir in women exposed late in pregnancy.

31
Q

How is shingles related to chicken pox?

A

It occurs due to reactivation of the varicella virus in the sensory nerve roots resulting in dermatomal distribution of the disease

32
Q

When can shingles cause problems?

A

When it is associated with motor nerves or ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve so may need treated with acyclovir

33
Q

Describe vaccines for chicken pox and shingles

A

Vaccine for chicken pox exists but is not routinely given in UK. In UK when over 70 offered a high dose vaccine of VZV to reduce chance of shingles.

34
Q

Describe herpes simplex virus presentation and treatment?

A

Primary infection may be asymptomatic but can cause extensive ulceration. Can give a aciclovir in severe infections but does not kill the latent virus.

35
Q

What strains of HPV cause viral warts?

A

1-4

36
Q

Viral warts are _______ but can be treated with _______

A

usually self limiting but can be treated with salicylic acid

37
Q

What strains of HPV cause cervical cancer?

A

16 and 18

38
Q

What strains of HPV causes genital warts?

A

6 and 11

39
Q

What does the new HPV vaccine protect against?

A

Strains 16, 18, 6 and 11

40
Q

Infection of syphilis is by

How is it investigated

A

sexual contact which passes on treponema palladium bacteria

Swab and pcr

41
Q

What happens in primary infection of syphilis

A

painless ulcers at the site of entry

42
Q

What happens in secondary phase of symptoms of syphilis

A

red rash over the body which is prominent on the soles of the feet and palms of the hand. Snail track ulcers on mucous membranes

43
Q

What happens in tertiary phase of syphilis

A

CNS and CVS involvement. Gummatous (necrosis that involves non-cancerous growths)

44
Q

What is syphilis treated with

A

penicillin injections

45
Q

What bacteria causes lyme disease? How is it transmitted?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by ticks

46
Q

Early and late presentation of lyme disease?

A

Early: erythema migrans (rash that fades in centre)
Late: Heart block, nerve palsies and arthritis

47
Q

How should lyme disease be treated?

A

Doxycycline or amoxicillin

48
Q

Describe virulence factor invasin

A

Enables an organism to invade a host cell tissue

49
Q

Describe virulence factor modulin

A

Induces damage to the host indirectly

50
Q

What are the different names for tinea affecting different places?

A

Tinea pedis → Foot, Tinea corporis → Body, Tinea unguium → Nails, Tinea barbae → Beard, Tinea cruris → Groin, Tinea capitis → Scalp, Tinea manuum → Hand

51
Q

Investigation for fungal infection?

A

skin scrapings for microscopy and culture and woods light

Dermatology (15 decks)

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