Anatomy

Question 1

Digital arteries are _____ arteries

Answer 1

end

Question 2

Define an end artery, why is it clinically important to know about these?

Answer 2

The only blood supply to a given area of the body (no collaterals) untreated occlusion of an end artery results in infarction of the area of tissue it supplies and therefore amputation may be needed. True end arteries are found in the fingers, false end arteries are found in the heart.

Question 3

Why is it important to know the position of pulse points?

Answer 3

If someone is bleeding you can limit blood loss by applying pressure proximal to the site of injury.

Question 4

Where can you feel the carotid pulse?

Answer 4

Bifurcation of the common carotid artery - anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle at level of upper border of thyroid cartilage

Question 5

Where can you feel the brachial pulse?

Answer 5

Medial to biceps tendon in the cubital fossa

Question 6

Where can you feel the radial pulse?

Answer 6

Lateral to tendon of flexor carpi radialis

Question 7

Where can you feel the femoral pulse?

Answer 7

Inferior to midpoint of inguinal ligament

Question 8

Where can you feel the popliteal pulse?

Answer 8

In popliteal fossa (immediately posterior to knee)

Question 9

Where can you feel the posterior tibial pulse?

Answer 9

Between the posterior border of the medial malleolus & the achilles tendon

Question 10

Where can you feel the dorsalis pedis pulse?

Answer 10

Lateral to tendon of extensor hallucis longus distal to the ankle joint

Question 11

Ischaemia can be caused by two things which are?

Answer 11

Reduced arterial perfusion pressure and increased venous drainage pressure

Question 12

Describe superficial veins characteristics

Answer 12

Smaller, thinner
Run in superficial fascia
Highly variable
Drain into deep veins

Question 13

Describe deep veins characteristics

Answer 13

Larger, thicker
Run deep to deep fascia
More predictable
Often occur in Neurovascular bundles

Question 14

Describe superficial fascia

Answer 14

• Loose connective tissue and fat
• Varies in depth throughout body sites and throughout people
• Contains superficial blood vessels, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics and sweat glands

Question 15

Describe deep fascia

Answer 15

• Relatively tough and sheet like
• Dense connective tissue
• Usually white, sometimes glistening appearance
• Covers most of the body deep to skin and superficial fascia
• Named

Question 16

Where don’t you have much deep fascia?

Answer 16

The face

Question 17

What area of the body contains specialised deep fascia?

Answer 17

The abdomen

Question 18

What is the dorsal venous network

Answer 18

A network of veins in the superficial fascia on the dorsum of hand formed by the dorsal metacarpal veins. It is found on the back of the hand and gives rise to veins such as the cephalic vein and the basilic vein.

Question 19

The cephalic vein arises from __1____ it runs on ____2___ it drains into ___3____

Answer 19

1) dorsal venous network
2) lateral aspect of the limb on the deltopectoral groove
3) axillary vein

Question 20

The basilic vein arises from ____1____ it runs on the _____2____ it drains into the _____3______

Answer 20

1) dorsal venous network
2) medial aspect of the limb
3) brachial vein at the level of mid arm

Question 21

What are the two superficial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 21

Great and small saphenous veins (most tributaries are unnamed)

Question 22

The great saphenous vein arises from ___1____ it ascends ______2_____ and passes posterior ______3_____ it drains into the _____4______

Answer 22

1) the dorsal venous arch
2) anterior to the medial malleolus
3) to the medial condyle of the femur (about a hand’s breadth posterior to the medial border of the patella)
4) femoral vein in the femoral triangle

Question 23

The small saphenous vein arises from ____1____ and runs _____2____ and drains into _____3_______

Answer 23

1) the dorsal venous arch
2) posterior to the midline of the leg
3) popliteal vein posterior to the knee

Question 24

What are vein comitantes?

Answer 24

veins that lie on the sides of arteries so they can benefit from the artery pulsation which aids venous return

Question 25

What is meant by the musculovenous pump?

Answer 25

Big veins lie between muscles so when they contract it helps push the blood back up to the heart

Question 26

If there is venous insufficiency in deep veins you get ____1_____ if there venous insufficiency in superficial veins you get ___2____

Answer 26

1) thrombosis and embolism

2) venous ulceration

Question 27

Describe venous ulceration

Answer 27

• Venous pressure increases
• Damages blood vessels in skin
• Skin becomes dry, itchy and inflamed
• Cannot heal well due to poor blood supply
• Begins to break down

Question 28

Most venous ulceration tends to occur in ___1___ whereas arterial ulceration usually occurs in ____2______

Answer 28

1) gaiter area (medial aspect of the distal leg)

2) foot

Question 29

Describe the difference consequences if a thrombus occludes - small peripheral artery, segmental artery, lobar artery, pulmonary artery, pulmonary trunk.

Answer 29

Small peripheral artery
Small wedge infarction

Segmental artery
Bronchopulmonary segment infarction

Lobar artery
E.g. middle lobe infarction

Pulmonary artery
Infarction of one lung

Pulmonary trunk
Complete occlusion by a saddle embolus arrests the circulation