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Microbiology > Bacterial Upper Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Bacterial Upper Respiratory Infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Bordetella pertussis causes what?

A

whooping cough, caused by local effect of toxins

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1
Q

Describe bordetella

A

Aerobic encapsulated gram negative coccobacilli

Single or in pairs

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2
Q

There is waning immunity to bordetella pertussis. Who serves as a resevoir?

A

Adults

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3
Q

Bordetella pertussis isolation media?

A

Bordet-gengou media is selective
Contains blood and starch (absorbs and neutralizes inhibitors of growth)
Penicillin is added to inhibit other respiratory flora

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4
Q

How quickly does bordetella pertussis grow?

A

Takes 3-7 days for colonies to appear on Bordet-gengou media

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5
Q

Is there an animal reservoir for bordetella pertussis?

A

No

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6
Q

How is b. pertussis spread?

A

Person-person via airborne droplets

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7
Q

Pathogenesis of b. pertussis?

A

Organism adheres to and then kills ciliated epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract, this prevents clearance of pulmonary secretions
Does not invade the blood stream

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8
Q

Pertussis toxin action?

A

Binds to ciliated epithelial cells
Causes lymphocytosis and inhibits phagocyte function
2 subunit AB exotoxin: ADP ribosylating activity&raquo_space; increases cAMP > increases secretions

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9
Q

What is filamentous hemagglutinin?

A

Adhesin that allows bacterium to bind to ciliated epithelial cells

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10
Q

What are the three clinical stages of pertussis?

A

Catarrhal stage ~1 week
Paroxysmal stage ~1-6 weeks
Convalescence weeks to months

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11
Q

Describe the catarrhal stage of pertussis

A

Presents like common cold, not very ill

Highly contagious - large number of organisms in respiratory organisms

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12
Q

Paroxysmal stage of pertussis

A

Burst of rapid coughs without inspiration due to difficulty clearing thick mucus, may end with vomiting, cyanosis, exhaustion, convulsions
Whoop sound from inhaling through narrowed glottis

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13
Q

What can happen to the eyes in pertussis?

A

Subconjunctival hemorrhages

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14
Q

How do you diagnose pertussis

A

Nasopharyngeal aspirate (preferred) culture

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15
Q

First line of defense against pertussis?

A

Antibody that prevents bacteria from binding to cilia of epithelium

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16
Q

Pertussis vaccine

A

Acellular or subunit vaccine

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17
Q

How much protection (%) does pertussis toxin monovaccine provide? Is it sufficient?

A

Not sufficient, only 70% protection

18
Q

Which pertussis vaccine is used today, acellular or whole cell? Why?

A

Acellular

Reduced side effects

19
Q

What is the DTaP vaccine? When is it given?

A

Diptheria, Tetanus, and acellular Pertussis toxoid

Three shots at 2, 4, 6 months

20
Q

What is the Tdap vaccine?

A

It is a booster shot for adolescents and adults that contain less diptheria and acellular pertussis toxoid

22
Q

Cyclic epidemic of pertussis spikes every how many years?

A

3-4 years

23
Q

Describe corynebacterium?

A

Aerobic non-spore forming gram positive bacilli

Non-motile

24
Q

Clinical manifestations of corynebacterium diphtheriae are due to what?

A

Toxin carried by a bacteriophage

Causes only localized disease

25
Q

Gram stain of corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Gram positive
Clubbed or irregularly shaped
V or L shaped formations
Beaded staining

26
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae culture media?

A

Blood agar: small granular gray colonies with irregular edges
Potassium tellurite agar (Tinsdale) black colonies - differential medium
Loeffler’s medium: corynebacterium grow faster than other respiratory pathogens - selective medium

27
Q

C. Diphtheriae, human or animal resevoir?

A

Just human
Normal flora of skin and mucous membranes
Infections of respiratory tract

28
Q

How does C. diphtheriae spread and does it invade tissues/blood?

A

Airborne droplets

Does not invade tissues or blood

29
Q

Diphtheria toxin is encoded by what? Can it still be pathogenic without the toxin?

A

Diphtheria toxin is encoded by a bacteriophage

If it is not infected by the bacteriophage then it is not pathogenic

30
Q

Diphtheria toxin - 2 subunit AB toxin - describe

A

Highly potent toxin with necrotizing effect
Lethal at low dose
A subunit inhibits host protein synthesis (inactivates elongation factor EF-2 by ADP-ribosylation, which leads to cell death)

31
Q

Diphtheria toxin absorbed by mucous membranes causes what?

A

Epithelial necrosis which causes a gray pseudomembrane to form over tonsils and throat

32
Q

Can diphtheria toxin affect anything other than tonsils/throat?

A

Yes it can cause heart and nerve damage

33
Q

What does diphtheria do to the neck?

A

Causes bull neck - marked edema of neck and cervical lymphadenopathy

34
Q

Does diphtheria toxin cause wounds?

A

Yes, forms a membrane of a non-healing wound or ulcer

35
Q

What is the population at risk for infection with diphtheria?

A

Adults with decreased antitoxin titers

36
Q

Resistance to disease caused by diphtheria depends on what?

A

Specific neutralizing antitoxin in bloodstream and tissues

37
Q

Is there a vaccine for diphtheria?

A

Yes, formalin-inactivated C. diphtheria

38
Q

Diphtheria vaccine is often combined with what?

A

DTaP

Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis

39
Q

Adults need a diphtheria booster shot how often and when?

A

Every 10 years
Also when they travel to developing countries
Given with tetanus toxoid

40
Q

A derivative of the diphtheria toxoid (CRM 197) is used in which other vaccines? Why?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B, pneumococcal, meningococcal conjugate vaccines
More immunogenic in children under 2

41
Q

Which antibiotics for diphtheria toxin? How do they help?

A

Erythromycin or penicillin
Inhibit growth of toxin-producing bacteria
Stop toxin production
Reduce shedding of organism

42
Q

Do diphtheria patients have to be isolated?

A

Yes

43
Q

Describe propionibacterium acne?

A

Normal skin flora, anaerobic
Acne pathogenesis
Occasionally contaminates blood
Infections in patients with “hardware”

53
Q

Which antibiotic is used for pertussis? What affect does it have during each stage?

A

Erythromycin
Catarrhal stage: eliminates organism
Paroxysmal stage: reduces severity and duration and lowers complication rate
Limited benefit if given more than 3 weeks after paroxysmal cough

Microbiology (10 decks)

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