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Microbiology > Bacterial anatomy > Flashcards

Bacterial anatomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Shape of diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci?

A

2 associated cocci
chains of cocci
clusters of cocci

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1
Q

What general type of bacteria are spherical?

A

-cocci

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2
Q

What is a sarcinae?

A

Pack of 8 cocci arising from alternating cell division planes

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3
Q

What general bacteria are rod shaped?

A

Bacilli

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4
Q

Fusiform shape? Type?

A

Tapered end

Bacilli

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5
Q

Clavate/coryneform shape? Type?

A

Club shaped

Bacilli

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6
Q

Filamentous shape? Type?

A

Filamentous

Bacilli

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7
Q

Vibrios shape? Type?

A

Comma shaped

Bacilli

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8
Q

Spirilla shape? Type?

A

Snake-like

Bacilli

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9
Q

Coccobacilli shape? Type?

A

Ovoid or ellipsoid

It is its own type

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10
Q

Spirochetes shape?

A

Flexible envelopes and corkscrew appearance

It is its own type

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11
Q

What are intracytoplasmic granules?

A

Inclusion bodies or metachromatic granules for storage of energy polymers (glycogen)

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12
Q

What determines if a bacterium is gram + or - ?

A

Thickness of the cell wall, which is visualized with a gram stain

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13
Q

How do you perform a gram stain?

A
  1. stain with crystal violet (purple) and iodine
  2. destain with acetone and ethanol
  3. counterstain with safranin (red)
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14
Q

What colors do they bacteria turn with a gram stain?

A

gram + purple

gram - red

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15
Q

3 examples of gram + bacteria? Shapes?

A 
Staphylococcus aureus (clusters of spheres)
Streptococcus pneumonia (chain of spheres)
Clostridium botulinum
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16
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane of gram + bacteria: do they contain sterols?

A

No (unlike eukaryotes)

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17
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane of gram + bacteria: do they have integral membrane proteins?

A

Yes (like eukaryotes)

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18
Q

Gram + bacteria cell wall is important for which response?

A

Inflammatory response

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19
Q

What makes up gram + cell wall? How many layers?

A

Peptidoglycans

40 layers

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20
Q

Peptidoglycan synthesis is a target of what?

A

Antibiotics

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21
Q

What are lipoteichoic acids? Toxic?

A

They promote negative surface charge (similar to lipopolysaccharides in gram - bacteria)
They are present in all gram + bacteria
They are nontoxic but contribute to virulence

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22
Q

3 examples of gram - bacteria? Shapes?

A

Neisseria gonorrhea - rods
Escherichia coli - rods
Salmonella typhimurium

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23
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall of gram - bacteria?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane is similar to that of gram +

Cell wall is only 1 layer thick, which is why it doesn’t retain the gram stain

24
Q

What is the periplasmic space in gram - bacteria?

A

It is between the inner and outer membranes
It contains a peptidoglycan layer and hydrolytic enzymes
It also contains detoxifying enzymes (beta-lactamase inactivates penicillin)

25
Q

Is the outer membrane of gram - bacteria different from the cytoplasmic membrane? What gets through?

A

Yes, it is less permeable.

Some polar molecules get through, while others have to go through pores

26
Q

What accounts for the native bacterial resistance of gram - ?

A

The antibiotics can’t get through the outer membrane

27
Q

What molecule, similar to lipoteichoic acid, do gram - outer membranes contain?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin)

28
Q

Are gram + or gram - bacteria more resistant to antibiotics?

A

Gram -

29
Q

What is responsible for the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

Lipid A can cause endotoxic shock

30
Q

What are the three major components of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

Lipid A
Core oligosaccharide
Repeating or O antigen - contains serologic determinants of endotoxin

31
Q

Porins are major outer membrane proteins that are _____mers.

A porin mutation can create what?

A

Trimers

Bacterial resistance can result from a porin mutation.

32
Q

Pores allow solutes less than ______ Daltons to pass through

A

~700 Daltons

33
Q

Mycobacteria are what kind of bacteria? 2 examples?

A

Acid fast bacteria

Tuberculosis and leprae

34
Q

Mycobacteria usually stain positively with the gram stain because?

A

They have a lot of waxes in their cell walls. The waxes are made up of mycolic acids.
The wax prevents the stain from washing out.

35
Q

Aside from mycolic acid, what 3 things make up mycobacteria?

A

Murein
Polysaccharides
Lipids

36
Q

Acid fast stain?

A
  1. Stain with carbol-fuchsin (red) and heat
  2. Destain with 3% HCl and alcohol
  3. Counterstain with methylene blue
37
Q

What color do acid fast/gram +/- turn with the acid fast stain?

A

Acid fast turn red

Gram +/- turn blue

38
Q

Whats an example of mollicutes, which are cell wall deficient bacteria? Is it easy to stain? Antibiotics?

A

Mycoplasma, which causes walking pneumonia.
Difficult to stain
Antibiotics won’t work

39
Q

When gram +/- bacteria lose their peptidoglycan coat, what are they called?

A

L-form/L-phase

They can be selected for clinically by use of antibiotics

40
Q

Borrelia and treponema are what types of bacteria?

A

Spirochetes

41
Q

Clostridium, listeria, bacillus, corynebacterium are what type of bacteria?

A

Gram + rods

42
Q

Staphylococcus and streptococcus are what type of bacteria?

A

Gram + cocci

43
Q

Myobacterium are what type of bacteria?

A

Acid fast

44
Q

What is a capsule? Gram + or - ?

A

Polysaccharide coat

Both gram +/-

45
Q

3 capsule types? Describe.

A

Slime is weakly adherent
Microcapsule is a thin coat
Biofilm is a growth within layers of polysaccharide, very high resistance that covers the entire colony

46
Q

How are capsules visualized?

A

By the exclusion of India ink

47
Q

What is the Quellung reaction?

A

Used to serotype bacteria

48
Q

Do capsules contribute to virulence?

A

Yes

49
Q

What 3 factors of capsules help the bacteria avoid host defenses?

A

Antiphagocytic
Interferes with complement
Growth in a biofilm prevents access of host cells or antibiotics

50
Q

What are sex pili? They serve as receptors for what?

A

Facilitate transfer of DNA during conjugation (bt bacteria)

They serve as receptors for bacteriophages

51
Q

What are fimbriae or somatic pili?

A

Allow bacteria to adhere to various surfaces

They are important in infection by some bacteria (neisseria gonorrhea)

52
Q

Flagella are for what?

A

Movement (counter clockwise movement moves bacteria toward attractants, which is called positive chemotaxis)

53
Q

Neisseria and moraxella are examples of what bacteria type?

A

Gram - cocci

54
Q

What does -trichous describe?

A

Distribution of flagella

55
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

They enhance the ability of the bacterium to cause infection

56
Q

Loss of virulence factor can make bacteria what? What happens?

A

Non-pathogenic
Colonization and infection without disease
Carrier state

57
Q

Can a virulence factor be restored?

A

Yep, can occur rapidly

Microbiology (10 decks)

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