Bacterial pneumonia in dogs and cats: an update Flashcards
What are the risk actors associated with aspiration pneumonia?
Gastrointestinal disease
Refractory vomiting caused by
systemic or metabolic disease
Pancreatitis
Intussusception
Foreign body obstruction
Ileus
Anesthesia
Prolonged anesthesia
Postprocedural upper airway
obstruction
Esophageal disease
Megaesophagus
Esophageal motility disorder
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal stricture
Esophagitis
Neurologic disease
Polyneuropathy
Myasthenia gravis
Seizure
Conditions leading to prolonged
recumbency
Cricopharyngeal dyssynchrony
Muscular dystrophy
Oropharyngeal dysphagia
Laryngeal disease
Tracheostomy
Breed
Brachycephalic breeds
Golden retriever
Cocker spaniel
English springer spaniel
Irish wolfhound
How is aspiration prevented during normal swallowing?
the epiglottis retracts to cover the laryngeal
aditus and protect the trachea from particulate inhalation. In addition, adduction of the
arytenoid cartilages contributes to further occlusion of the upper airways.
T/F: To prevent aspiration pneumonia during anesthesia, it is recommended to extubate with the endotracheal tube cuff slightly inflated.
The presence of a cuffed endotracheal tube does not prevent inadvertent aspiration during anesthesia, and the paper does not recommend it.
What is proven to reduce the risk of incidence of AP during anesthesia?
Studies have shown that concurrent use of cisapride with a proton-pump inhibitor reduces
the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux under anesthesia.
What are the common viral pathogens that predispose dogs to bacterial pneumonia?
canine respiratory coronavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, pneumovirus, and parainfluenza virus.
What cell type do respiratory viruses usually affect?
Typically, viral infections cause either a bronchopneumonia or bronchointerstitial
pneumonia because of their propensity to infect and damage type I pneumocytes.
What organisms have been reported as lower respiratory pathogens of cats?
Pasteurella
spp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, B bronchiseptica,
and Mycoplasma spp
What are the organisms tipically associated with grass awn?
Pasteurella,
Streptococcus, Nocardia, Actinomyces, and anaerobic bacteria
What are the factors associated to pulmonary FBs?
Young, sporting breeds
Environmental exposure to grass awns
Focal, recurrent radiographic alveolar pattern
History of other cutaneous or visceral foreign bodies
Spontaneous pneumothorax or pyothorax
What are the conditions leading to impaired immune function and resulting in increased risk of pneumonia?
Congenital:
- Innate: Primary ciliary dyskinesia, Complement deficiency, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- Adaptive: Immunoglobulin deficiency
Severe combined
immunodeficiency
Acquired:
- Innate: Bronchiectasis
Secondary ciliary dyskinesia
- Adaptive: Retrovirus infection (FIV/FeLV)
Endocrine or metabolic disease (DM or hyperadrenocorticism)
Chemotherapy and other
immunosuppressive tx
Splenectomy
How can you obtain definitve diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia?
BAL: identification of septic inflammation in
conjunction with a positive bacterial culture
When would you recheck rads after starting treatment?
either before or within a week of discontinuation
of antimicrobial therapy.
