bacterial pathogens

Question 1

the commonest cause of UTIs when it colonises the urethra by adhering to uroepithelial cells. normal in the bowel. also a common cause of bacteraemia. some toxic strains exist which cause haemolytic uraemic syndrome + severe diarrhoea.

Answer 1

E. coli

Question 2

cause of skin and soft tissue infections by adhering to a damaged area (e.g from eczema) and producing exoenzymes and toxins that damage the tissue and provoke host response (PUS). can cause many other things too…
(can also cause bacteraemia, septicaemia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, pneumonia, UTI, meningitis)

Answer 2

S. aureus

s… skin

Question 3

a coagulase negative bacterium which causes infection from foreign bodies as it uses GLYCOCALYX to adhere to plastic or metal (e.g. of a catheter). this creates a biofilm. not an aggressive infection though, usually occurs gradually. however, can cause a prosthetic joint to loosen :S
is normal in the skin :)

Answer 3

staphylococcus epidermidis

epi…. coming from the outside…

Question 4

the main cause of bacterial sore throat (most causes are viral!). known as ‘Group A strep’. characterised by strawberry tongue. can also cause scarlet fever, necrotising fasciitis, pneumonia, puerperal sepsis, glomerulonephritis from immune response :(

Answer 4

streptococcus pyogenes

strAwberry pie…

Question 5

main cause of BACTERIAL MENINGITIS in babies! also known as ‘group B strep’.

Answer 5

streptococcus agalactiae 
(babies are like algae.. and they also dont like getting meningitis)

Question 6

main cause of BACTERIAL MENINGITIS and BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA !!!! but not in babies (that’s s. agalactiae). can also cause more minor things like otitis media.

Answer 6

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 7

3 species of pus forming bacteria which are associated with abscesses (dental, lung, liver, brain)

Answer 7

streptococcus millieri complex

Question 8

collective name for alpha haemolytic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract! If in the blood, they often cause sub-acute bacterial endocarditis over a period of several weeks. examples = s. oralis, s. mitis

Answer 8

viridans streptococci

Question 9

alpha-haemolytic. bacteraemia is uncommon but can cause colon cancers :( it is part of normal bowel flora though.

Answer 9

streptococcus gallolyticus

gallileo got colon cancer. no he didnt

Question 10

gram +ve bacillus which can (rarely) in pregnancy/ newborns/ immunosuppression cause SEPSIS + MENINGITIS. can come from animals (zoonosis) and grow at low temperatures. from CHEESE. probs why pregnant women should eat so much… CHESSE !

Answer 10

listeria monocytogenes

listen, this is from cheese

Question 11

gram +ve bacilli. normal on the skin and upper resp tract but acts opportunistically during trauma. e.g. cornyebacterium diphtheriae –> diphtheria!

Answer 11

corynebacterium sp.

corny diphtheria

Question 12

gram +ve –> acne, post op infections.

Answer 12

propionibacterium acnes

Question 13

= coliforms. collective term for gram -ve bacilli in normal bowel flora. E. coli is a type!!! so is klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae.

Answer 13

enterobacteriacea

enteric = in the bowel

Question 14

gram -ve bacilli which is multi resistant !!! causes resp infections, UTIs, soft tissue infections. produces a GREEN pigment

Answer 14

pseudomonas aeruginosa 
(ayer = yesterday, I wore green)

Question 15

causes opthalmia neonatorum which can rarely become invasive. also obviously causes gonorrhoea.

Answer 15

neisseria gonnorhoea

it’s not nice

Question 16

gram -ve diplococcus which causes meningitis and meningococcal sepsis. forms a non blanching rash

Answer 16

neisseria meningitidis

Question 17

gram +ve bacillus which can cause infections of the respiratory tract but is normal in small doses. e.g. pneumonia, COPD exacerbations….
more invasive types are capsulated and can cause meningitis or epiglottitis !!!
there’s a vaccine but this only protects against HIb strain.

Answer 17

haemophilus influenza

quite bad

Question 18

anaerobe. many form spores. includes c. difficile which is assoc with Abx –> diarrhoea and colitis. also includes c. perfingens –> gas gangrene. + c. tetani –> tetanus. + c botulinum –> botulism.

Answer 18

clostridium sp

Question 19

components of polybacterial infections e.g. from a dental procedure

Answer 19

bacteriodes sp, fusobacterium sp, prevotella sp

Question 20

list the bacteria without cell walls

Answer 20

chlamydia sp
c. trachomatis (STI, commonest)
mycoplasma sp
m. pneumoniae = commonest cause of resp tract infections !

Question 21

what is the most common cause of STI

Answer 21

chlamydia trachomatis

Question 22

what is the commonest skin infection?

Answer 22

s. aureus

Question 23

name some common gram -ve bacteria

Answer 23

e. coli, n. gonorrhoea

Question 24

list some causes of meningitis

Answer 24

n. meningitidis, strep pneumoniae, listeria monocytogenes, s aureus, strep agalactiae, haemophilus influenzae

Question 25

what are mycobacteria sp????

Answer 25

acid fast bacilli
dont stain using gram!
so not gram +ve or -ve. interesting.
e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosis.