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Clinical Bacteriology > Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition > Flashcards

Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

to what biologic kingdom do microorganisms belong to

A

Protista

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2
Q

how are microorganisms classified

A

according to their structure, chemical composition, biosynthetic and genetic organization

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3
Q

these are the important microbial groups

A

prions
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites

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4
Q

these are microbial groups that are not considered a cell

A

prions
viruses

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5
Q

microbial groups that are considered prokaryotes

A

bacteria

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6
Q

microbial groups that are considered eukaryotes

A

parasite
fungi
plants
animals

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7
Q

prokaryote or eukaryote

which is smaller in size

A

prokaryote

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8
Q

type of cell that do not have true nucleus

A

prokaryotes

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9
Q

type of cells that have a real or true nucleus with nucleus envelope

A

eukaryotes

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10
Q

prokaryotes have this kind of cytoplasmic structure

A

less complex with very few structures

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11
Q

eukaryotes have this kind of cytoplasmic structure

A

more complex and highly structured

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12
Q

describe the cell wall of prokaryotes

A

more complex

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13
Q

describe the cell wall of eukaryotes

A

less complex

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14
Q

these are infectious particles associated with subacute progressive, degenerative diseases of the central nervous system

A

prions

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15
Q

infectious or abnormally folded proteins

A

prions

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16
Q

these are microorganisms that are not visible with the light microscope

A

viruses

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17
Q

these are obligate intracellular parasite that contains no organelles or biosynthetic machinery except a few enzymes

A

viruses

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18
Q

genetic material that can be contained by viruses

A

RNA or DNA

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19
Q

these are viruses that can infect bacteria and make them as host

A

bacteriophages

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20
Q

what is needed for virus to spread

A

close contact

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21
Q

largest group of organism of medical significance

A

bacteria

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22
Q

common cause of illnesses and diseases, especially in third world countries

A

bacteria

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23
Q

these microorganisms have no mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi bodies

A

bacteria

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24
Q

bacteria are classified as what?

A

prokaryotes

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25
Q

these are included in the bacterial morphology

A

bacterial shape
bacterial arrangement
gram staining reaction

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26
Q

bacterial shapes

A

coccus
coccobacillus
vibrio
bacillus
spirillum
spirochete

vibrio is actually a genus

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27
Q

circular in shape

A

coccus

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28
Q

it is a combination of coccus and bacillus shape (small rod-shaped)

A

coccobacillus

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29
Q

comma-shaped or curved rod-shaped

A

vibrio

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30
Q

oblong and rod-shaped

A

bacillus

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31
Q

spiral shaped that can only be seen in the dark field microscope

A

spirochete

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32
Q

six bacterial arrangements for the cocci shape

A

singly
in pair
chains
tetrads
sarcinas
clusters

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33
Q

four bacterial arrangement of bacillus shape

A

singly
in pair
palisading
chains

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34
Q

can you see bacteria even without staining?

A

yes, but staining techniques help accentuate the appearance of microorganisms

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35
Q

differential stain

A

gram positive
gram negative

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36
Q

steps in gram staining

A
  1. heat fixation
  2. primary stain - crystal violet
  3. gram’s iodine
  4. decolorizer - ethyl alcohol
  5. secondary/counter stain - safranin
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37
Q

gram negative cocci (all cocci are gram positive except)

A

Neisseria
Veilonella
Moraxella

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38
Q

gram positive bacilli (all bacilli are gram negative except)

A

Mycobacteria
Corynebacterium
Bacillus
Clostridium
Actinomyces
Streptomyces

Less common: Erysipelothrix, Listeria, Nocardia, ….Bacterium

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39
Q

exterior structure of bacteria

A

cell envelope
cell appendages

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40
Q

these are under the cell envelope of the exterior structure of bacteria

A

outer membrane
cell wall
periplasmic space
cell membrane

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41
Q

these are under the cell appendages in the exterior structure of bacteria

A

capsule
fimbriae/pili
flagella

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42
Q

interior structure of bacteria

A

cytoplasm
nucleus
plasmids

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43
Q

gram positive does not have this structure

A

outer membrane

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44
Q

the outer membrane structure is only present in

A

gram negative microorganisms

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45
Q

it is the initial barrier to the environment

A

outer membrane

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46
Q

the outer membrane is a bilayer composed of:

A
  • lipid A
  • endotoxin
  • major surface antigenic determinants
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47
Q

these are water filled structures that control the passage of nutrients and other solutes

A

porins

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48
Q

it is the structure that is the basis of gram staining

A

cell wall

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49
Q

other names for cell wall

A

peptidoglycan layer or murein layer

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50
Q

it gives the cell shape and strength

A

cell wall

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51
Q

cell wall is the site of action for?

A

antibiotics

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52
Q

in gram positive, what percent of the cell envelope is the cell wall

A

50%

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53
Q

in gram negative, what percent of the cell envelope is the cell wall

A

2-10%

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54
Q

composition of cell wall

A

disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits

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55
Q

composition of disaccharide pentapeptide subunits

A
  • N-acetylglucosamine
  • N-acetylmuramic acid
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56
Q

composition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis making it difficult to stain or to kill

A

mycolic acid - imparting a oily or waxy cell wall

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57
Q

it consists of gel-like substances that assist in the capture of nutrients from the environment

A

periplasmic space

it contains enzymes for metabolism and detoxification

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58
Q

it contains several enzymes involved in the degragation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes

A

periplasmic space

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59
Q

other name of cell membrane

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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60
Q

it contains enzymes vital to cellular metabolism

A

cell membrane

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61
Q

it serves as an additional osmotic barrier

A

cell membrane

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62
Q

functions of the cell membrane

A
  • transport of solutes into and out of the cell
  • housing of enzymes
  • generation of chemical energy
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63
Q

these are structures that take part in the pathogenesis and virulence

A

cell appendages

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64
Q

it refers to how a microorganism results to disease and how it causes death

A

pathogenesis and virulence

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65
Q

what does it mean when an organism has a capsule

A
  • antiphagocytic
  • nonmotile
66
Q

it is composed of high molecular weight polysaccharides

A

capsule

67
Q

it facilitates and maintain bacterial colonization and biologic and inanimate surfaces through the formation of slime layers or biofilms

A

capsule

68
Q

it makes up the capsule of Bacillus anthracis

A

poly-d glutamic acid

69
Q

bacteria with capsules

A
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Haemophilus influenza
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans

Yes Some Killer Have Pretty Nice Capsule

70
Q

other important capsule producer

A
  • Escherichia coli - meningial type
  • Salmonella enteritica subsp. typhi
71
Q

the slime layer is also known as

A

glycocalyx

72
Q

this is a loose network of polysaccharide fibrils that surround some bacterial cell walls

A

slime layer

73
Q

they are associated with adhesive properties. of bacterial cell and contains prominent antigenic sites

serves as an adhesive for bacteria to stick together

A

slime layer

74
Q

these are aggregates of bacterial cells usually found in medically implanted devices

A

biofilms

75
Q

they enhance nutrient uptake and often exclude antimicrobials

A

biofilms

76
Q

the most common culprit of biofilms

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

catheter related infections

77
Q

another bacteria under biofilms causing dental plaque

A

streptococcus mutans

78
Q

this is a hair-like proteinaceous structure that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment

A

fimbriae or pili

79
Q

they can also serve as adhesins that attaches a bacterium to another bacterium

A

fimbriae or pili

80
Q

two types of pili

A
  • common
  • sex
81
Q

they are the type of pili involved in bacterial adherence and gram positive cell conjugation

A

common pili

82
Q

they are the type of pili involved in the attachment of donor and recipient bacteria in gram negative cell conjugation

A

sex pili

83
Q

flagella is composed of what protein

A

flagellin

84
Q

function of flagella

A
  • motility
  • chemotaxis
  • bacterial pathogenicity
85
Q

this is the type of E. coli that is motile

A

meningial type

86
Q

it is a gel like structure where protein synthesis occurs

A

cytoplasm

87
Q

they are the storage form of food - glycogen and polyphosphate granules

A

inclusion bodies

88
Q

highly coiled DNA mixed with RNA and various proteins

A

nucleus or nucleoid

89
Q

these are the inclusion bodies of Corynebacterium

A

metachromic/volutin granules

90
Q

this is an extrachromosomal DNA that becomes integrated into bacterial DNA

A

plasmids

91
Q

plasmid is a small circular nonchromosomal double stranded DNA that is capable of what type of replication

A

self-replication - autonomous

92
Q

it contains genes that confer protective properties such as antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, or their own transmissibility to other bacteria

A

plasmid

93
Q

the only two genera of bacteria that can form endospores

A
  • Clostridium
  • Bacillus
94
Q

it is when the cell transforms from an actively metabolic and growing state to a dormant or vegetative state during unfavorable conditions

A

sporulation

95
Q

endospores are resistant to?

A
  • heat
  • dessication
  • various chemicals
96
Q

it is the fried rice bacillus that does not easily die even under heat

A

Bacillus cereus

causes food poisoning

97
Q

it is allowing bacteria to propagate and grow

A

cultivation

98
Q

process of growing the organism in culture

A

cultivation

99
Q

two ways of cultivating bacteria

A
  • in vivo
  • in vitro
100
Q

it uses a living organism for cultivation

A

in vivo

101
Q

it typically uses laboratory equipment such as test tube or dish for cultivation

A

in vitro

102
Q

purpose of cultivation of bacteria

A
  • definitive identification
  • isolate the pathogenic organism
  • measure response to treatment
  • bank strain for future use
103
Q

it is the propagation of bacteria based on their specific pH, gaseous and temperature preferences

A

bacterial cultivation

104
Q

growth medium for bacteria can be

A

liquid - broth
solid/semi-solid - agar

105
Q

bacterial cultivation requires an environment that contains

A
  • carbon source
  • nitrogen source
  • energy source
  • inorganic salts
  • growth factors
  • electron donors and acceptors
106
Q

these are organisms susceptible to moisture and dessication

A
  • Tryponema pallidum
  • Neisseria gonorrhea
107
Q

these are organisms that can withstand drying and moisture and dessication

A

sporeformers - Bacillus and Clostridium

108
Q

it is the causative agent of syphilis - STD

A

Tryponema pallidum

109
Q

these are organisms that will die without oxygen

A

obligate aerobes

110
Q

this is an enzyme that obligate aerobes have that detoxifies free radicals

A

superoxide dismutase

111
Q

these are organisms that will die in the presence of oxygen

they lack superoxide dismutase and cytochrome c oxidase

A

obligate anaerobes

112
Q

pathway used by obligate anaerobes

A

fermentation pathways

113
Q

obligate anaerobes require

A

hydrogen acceptor

114
Q

characteristics of obligate anaerobes

A
  • outnumbered anaerobes
  • 99% fecal flora
  • cause polymicrobial infections - group of bacteria
  • foul smelling
115
Q

these are organisms that can survive with or without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

116
Q

facultative anaerobes consume less glucose under respiratory metabolism due to which effect

A

Pasteur effect

117
Q

these are the most pathogenic bacteria

A

facultative anaerobes

118
Q

these are organisms that resemble facultative anaerobes as they have fermentative metabolism and can both live with and without oxygen

A

aerotolerant

119
Q

these are organisms that requires cold optimum temperature - 5-10 degrees Celsius

A

psychrophiles

120
Q

example of a bacteria that is a psychrophile

A

Listeria monocytogenes

121
Q

it is the most pathogenic bacteria

A

mesophiles

122
Q

optimum temperature of mesophiles

A

body temperature - not more than 37 degrees Celsius

123
Q

these organisms have an optimum temperature of more than 37 degrees Celsius

A

thermophiles

124
Q

example of a bacteria that is a thermophile - found in the indicator tape of autoclaves

A

Geobacillus stearothermophilus

125
Q

they are unable to synthesize their own metabolism and they depend on preformed organic compounds

A

heterotrophs

nutritional needs are variable

126
Q

they are able to utilize simple inorganic compounds and they use photosynthesis

A

autotrophs or litotrops

127
Q

this is the carbon source and nitrogen source of autotrophs

A

carbon dioxide, ammonium salts

128
Q

it is the sum of anabolic processes and catabolic processes

A

bacterial metabolism

129
Q

the process of synthesis of cellular constituents requiring energy

A

anabolic processes

130
Q

the process of breakdown of cellular constituents with concomitant release of waste products and energy rich compounds

A

catabolic processes

131
Q

two kinds of carbohydrate metabolism

A
  • fermentation
  • respiration
132
Q

the increase in bacterial cell numbers

A

bacterial growth

133
Q

programmed increased in the biomass of bacteria

A

bacterial growth

134
Q

most common way by which bacteria reproduces

A

binary fission

135
Q

it is a parameter determined by the time needed for the bacteria to multiply in the logarithmic phase

A

generation time

136
Q

it is determined by measuring cell concentration or biomass identity

A

bacterial growth

137
Q

how does bacterial growth occur

A

asynchronously

138
Q

bacterial growth curve

it is the phase when bacteria is still adapting, and nutrients are deficient - growth rate is zero

A

lag phase

139
Q

bacterial growth curve

it is the phase where exponential growth occurs - growth rate is constant

A

log phase

140
Q

bacterial growth curve

it is the phase that plateaus and the growth rate is zero again (either nutrients depleted or toxins accumulate)

A

stationary phase

141
Q

bacterial growth curve

phase where dying cells will dominate the multiplying cells and the growth rate is negative

A

death phase

142
Q

what is checked or the parameter of bacterial generation time?

A

log phase

143
Q

it contains essential genetic material

A

bacterial chromosomal DNA

144
Q

it is an extrachromosomal DNA that can be incorporated in the bacterial DNA

A

plasmid DNA

145
Q

this is a virus infecting bacteria

A

bacteriophage

146
Q

this can take part in antimicrobial resistance

A

gene transfer

147
Q

mechanisms of gene transfer

A
  • transformation
  • conjugation
  • transduction
148
Q

it requires a competent cell and a free DNA

A

transformation

149
Q

it can allow free or naked DNA to attach to its envelope and will be incorporated in the cell

A

competent bacteria

150
Q

this can occur in both gram positive and gram negative organisms and it requires cell to cell contact

A

conjugation

150
Q

gene transfer from donor cell to recipient cell during cell to cell contact

A

conjugation

151
Q

conjugation is controlled by

A

fertility factor

152
Q

it follows conjugation

A

homologous recombination

153
Q

type of organism that uses pheromones to attract donor cell

A

gram positive

154
Q

type of organism having F+ that carries sex pili and an F- that has no sex pili which is the recipient

A

gram negative

155
Q

it is a phage mediated transfer of host DNA sequences

A

transduction

156
Q

two types of transduction

A
  • generalized transducing phage
  • specialized transduction
157
Q

two cycles that bacteriophage can undergo

A

lytic and lysogenic

158
Q

it is also known as the virulent phage multiplication

A

lytic cycle

lyses of cell

159
Q

it is also known as the temperate phage cycle multiplication

A

lysogenic cycle

160
Q

in this type of transduction, some viral chromosome DNA will be enclosed by capsid

A

generalized mediated transducing phage

161
Q

this type of transduction is mediated by lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA may disintegrate

A

specialized transduction

Clinical Bacteriology (3 decks)

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