Bacterial Growth & Genetics

Question 1

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 1

• Most versatile/adaptable bacteria

- Common feature of gram - pathogens

Question 2

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Answer 2

Prefer Oxygen-less environment but can tolerate oxygen

Question 3

Microaerophiles

Answer 3

Prefers Oxygen but cannot tolerate high oxygen level

Question 4

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 4

Common members of the normal microbiota in GI tract (100:1 over facultatives)

Question 5

Facultative & Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 5

Dominate over aerobes among normal flora and pathogens.

Question 6

Bacterial Metabolism

Answer 6

2 ways:

1. Respiration (aerobic or anaerobic)
2. Fermentation (only anaerobic)

Question 7

Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle ATP Production

Answer 7

Makes 36 ATP per glucose molecule

Question 8

Bacterial DNA Polymerases

Answer 8

Lack proofreading 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

Question 9

Plasmids

Answer 9

1. Usually circular
2. Autonomously replicate
3. Often has virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes

Question 10

Vertical Gene Transmission

Answer 10

Parent to progeny

Question 11

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 11

Foreign Donor to Recipient

Question 12

Mechanisms of Genetic Changes/Transfer

Answer 12

1. Transduction
2. Transformation
3. Conjugation

Question 13

Transduction (Remember “Duck”)

Answer 13

When a bacteriophage accidentally picks up a donor bacterial’s DNA with antibiotic resistance gene from the first infection and incorporates that DNA into a recipient bacteria’s genome during the second infection.

Question 14

Transformation (Remember “F” in Fragmentation)

Answer 14

When a bacteria takes up a naked DNA from the environment.

1. Binding of naked DNA on cell wall
2. Fragmentation of naked DNA
3. Transport of naked DNA through plasma membrane

Question 15

Conjugation (Remember “줘”)

Answer 15

When a donor bacteria directly transfers a plasmid to another bacteria through a pilus.

Question 16

Selective Pressure

Answer 16

Any phenomenon which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment.

Question 17

Processes Leading To Bacterial Genetic Changes

Answer 17

1. Mutations
2. Transduction
3. Transformation
4. Conjugation

• Lead to changes that can influence virulence & antibiotic resistance.